BBB is a credit rating at the lower end of investment grade, indicating adequate capacity to meet obligations but meaningful exposure to adverse conditions.
Behavioural theories of the firm explain firms as organizations with bounded rationality, routines, and multiple internal objectives rather than as single profit-maximizing calculators.
Below-the-line items are entries recorded outside the main operating or income result, often relating to financing, appropriation, or capital transactions.
A benefits system is the set of public programs that provide income support or services when households face low income, unemployment, disability, or other need.
The between-groups estimator uses group averages in panel data to estimate how outcomes differ across entities rather than within each entity over time.
The Beveridge Report was the 1942 UK report that helped shape the postwar welfare state through proposals for social insurance and full-employment policy.
The Big Mac Index is an informal purchasing-power-parity comparison that uses the price of a Big Mac across countries to illustrate currency misalignment.
A bilateral monopoly is a market with one seller and one buyer, so price and quantity are determined by bargaining rather than by competitive market forces alone.
A bond default swap usually refers to a credit default swap written on a bond, transferring default risk from the protection buyer to the protection seller.
A pejorative description of the tendency for talented individuals to migrate from poorer countries to richer countries in search of better employment opportunities and living standards.
The banking system under which banks are allowed to have branches. Branch banking in some countries, including the United States, has sometimes been restricted to reduce the monopoly power of banks.
The report of the Independent Commission on International Development Issues aimed at fostering North-South cooperation, chaired by Willy Brandt, and published in 1980.