Development Economics

Accession Criteria
The political, economic, and institutional conditions a country must satisfy to join the European Union.
Adoption
The decision by firms, households, or governments to start using a new technology, product, or practice.
Advanced Economies
Countries with high incomes, diversified production, stronger institutions, and typically deeper financial and policy capacity than emerging economies.
Agglomeration Economies
Productivity and cost advantages that arise when firms and workers cluster geographically.
Aid
A transfer of money, goods, or services intended to relieve hardship or support development, with important trade-offs around incentives and effectiveness.
Aid-in-Kind
Aid provided as goods or services rather than cash, often used when targeting or broken markets matter.
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
A multilateral development bank that finances infrastructure and related development projects, especially in Asia.
Assisted Area
A region targeted for government support because of persistent economic disadvantage or weak labor-market conditions.
Banco del Sur
A South American regional development bank initiative intended to fund projects and reduce reliance on traditional multilateral lenders.
Big Bang
In economics, a big bang is a strategy of rapid, comprehensive reform rather than gradual, step-by-step adjustment.
Big Push
The big push is a development-economics idea that poor countries may need coordinated large-scale investment across sectors to escape low-level traps.
Malthusian Problem
The idea that population growth can outpace resource growth, pushing living standards back toward subsistence in pre-industrial settings.
Washington Consensus
A label for a policy agenda emphasizing stabilization, liberalization, and privatization in developing-country reform programs.