Valuation

Abnormal Obsolescence
An unexpected loss of asset value caused by a technology, regulatory, or demand shock that shortens useful life.
Annuity Factor
The present value of a stream of equal payments and the key bridge between a lump sum and periodic income.
Annuity Rate
The payout rate that turns a premium or lump sum into periodic annuity income.
Arbitrage Pricing Theory
A multi-factor asset pricing framework where no-arbitrage implies expected returns are linear in factor exposures.
Arrow-Debreu State Price
The current price of one unit of payoff delivered in one specific future state.
Asset Prices
The market value of claims on future payoffs, shaped by expected cash flows, discount rates, and risk premia.
Binomial Pricing
Binomial pricing values an option by letting the underlying asset move up or down step by step and ruling out arbitrage.
Black-Scholes Equation
The Black-Scholes equation is the no-arbitrage differential equation used to value options in continuous time under standard assumptions.
Book Value
Book value is the accounting value recorded on the balance sheet, often measured for a firm as assets minus liabilities.
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
A model that links an asset's expected return to its market beta and the market risk premium.
Rate of Return
The percentage change in value of an investment over a period, including income and price changes.