Microeconomics

Assembly Line
A production system where a product moves through sequential workstations, enabling specialization and high throughput.
Backward Induction
A method for solving sequential games or decisions by analyzing from the final stage back to the first.
Backward-Bending Supply Curve
A labor supply curve that slopes up at lower wages but bends backward at higher wages as income effects outweigh substitution effects.
Batch Production
A production method where output is made in discrete runs (batches), trading off setup costs against flexibility and inventory.
Benefits
The value or utility gained from an action, good, or policy, often analyzed at the margin.
Costs
In economics, the value of resources used (including opportunity cost) to produce a good, service, or outcome.
Economic Efficiency
A condition where resources are allocated to maximize total welfare given technology and constraints.
Expenditure Function
The minimum spending needed to reach a given utility level at given prices.
Household
The basic decision-making unit for consumption, saving, and labor supply in microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Marshallian Demand
Ordinary (uncompensated) demand: the utility-maximizing bundle as a function of prices and income.
Minimax
A decision rule that chooses the action that minimizes the worst-case (maximum) loss; central in zero-sum game theory.
Nash Equilibrium
A strategic outcome where each player's choice is a best response to the choices of others.