Utility Function
Definition and Meaning of the Utility Function in Economics
Utility Maximization
Detailed exploration of the concept of utility maximization in economics, including its historical context, definitions, and major analytical frameworks.
Utility Possibility Frontier
An exploration of the concept of Utility Possibility Frontier in economics, its definitions, frameworks, and applications.
Vacancy
A comprehensive look at vacancies in the job market and their impacts on economics.
Vacancy Rate
An exploration of the vacancy rate, its significance in labor market analysis, and its connection to the Beveridge curve.
Valuation: Determination of Asset Worth
An elucidation on the process of determining the current worth of real and financial assets.
Value
Comprehensive overview and analytical dimensions of the term 'Value' in economics, with various economic frameworks and comparative analysis.
Value Added
An exploration of the economic term 'value added', its significance, and its role in national income.
Value at Risk (VaR)
A measure of the potential loss in value of an asset or portfolio over a defined period for a given confidence interval
Value Index
An explanation of the Value Index in economics, including its definition, calculation, and practical applications.
Value Judgement
An exploration of value judgement in economics, distinguishing normative from positive economics.
Value of the Physical Increase in Stocks and Work in Progress
The economic measure representing the part of the total increase in value of stocks and work in progress resulting from changes in their quantities, distinguishing from price revaluation changes.
Value-Added Tax (VAT)
A comprehensive entry on the value-added tax (VAT), its meaning, historical context, definitions, analytical frameworks, and related concepts.
Value-Subtracting Industry
An industry where the value of output is less than that of purchased inputs, making the value added negative.
Valuer
A professional who estimates the price of goods if sold, frequently engaged during the transfer of stock from one proprietor to another.
VAR: Vector Autoregressive Model
An overview of the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model, its definitions, contexts, and applications within economics.
Variable
A comprehensive look at what constitutes a variable in economics, including different classifications and their roles in economic models
Variable Cost
Definition and Meaning of Variable Cost in Economics
Variable Factor Proportions
Understanding variable factor proportions in production processes and their economic implications.
Variable Rate Note
Variable Rate Note - Definition and Meaning
Variance
A measure of dispersion of probability distribution
Variance in Economic and Financial Analysis
A measure of dispersion of probability distribution
Variance–Covariance Matrix
Overview of the variance–covariance matrix in economics and statistics, covering definitions, concepts, and analysis frameworks.
Variation
Variation in economics, including its various applications and contexts.
Variety
An entry on the economic concept of variety, particularly in reference to goods differentiated by specification or brand name.
VAT
A detailed exploration of the concept, history, frameworks, and applications of Value-Added Tax (VAT)
VAT Registration
The procedure whereby firms are added to the value-added tax (VAT) register.
VAT Return
A report documenting a firm’s sales of goods and services subject to value-added tax (VAT), required from firms registered for VAT.
Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Model
A generalization of the univariate model of an autoregressive process to a system of equations describing multivariate time series.
Vector Error Correction Model
An advanced econometric model for analyzing multivariate non-stationary time series.
Vehicle Currency
An economic term denoting a currency widely used in international trade transactions between countries that do not use that currency domestically.
Velocity of Circulation
The frequency with which a unit of currency circulates in the economy for transactions over a specific period.
Venture Capital
Capital invested in new or small businesses, with a high risk of loss, essential for enabling entrepreneurship.
Vertical Equity
Vertical equity refers to the principle that people in more advantageous positions should contribute more to society, particularly in the context of taxation.
Vertical Integration
The combination in one firm of two or more stages of production usually operated by separate firms.
Vertical Merger
A merger between two firms where one is a major supplier of the other.
Visible Balance
An explanation of the term 'Visible Balance' in economics, detailing its meaning, historical context, and its role within various economic frameworks.
Visible Trade
A comprehensive insight into the concept of visible trade within economics.
Voice
The expression of preferences by participation in the decision-making process.
Volatility
An overview of volatility, its meaning in finance, and how it is measured.
Volume Index
An index of the real level of production or consumption in a certain economy or part of it.
Voluntary Exchange
Detailed exploration of the concept of voluntary exchange within the field of economics.
Voluntary Export Restraint
An examination of voluntary export restraints (VERs), their purposes, mechanisms, and historical application in international trade.
Voluntary Unemployment
A comprehensive analysis of voluntary unemployment, its causes, and implications in economic theory.
Voting
A detailed exploration of voting as a method of group decision-making, its mechanisms, and comparative aspects across economic thought.
Voting Share
An ordinary share in a company giving the owner the right to vote at the company’s general meetings.
Voucher
A certificate usable in place of money for specific purposes, such as education or housing.
Wage Differential
A detailed exploration of wage differential within the context of economics, covering its meaning, types, and analytical frameworks.
Wage Drift
Tendency for the average level of wages actually paid to rise faster than wage rates
Wage Flexibility
An economics term that denotes the ability of wages to adjust in response to changes in labor market conditions or economic circumstances.
Wage Freeze
An economic measure imposing a ban on changes in wages, mostly to control inflation as part of a prices and incomes policy.
Wage Rate
The rate per hour paid for work of a given type
Wage Resistance
Examination of the difficulty in reducing wages, either in real or nominal terms.
Wage Restraint
Decisions by trade unions to forego wage increases or moderate their wage demands, often encouraged by governments to control inflation.
Wage Rigidity
The tendency of wage rates to be ‘sticky’ and not adjust to clear the market in the short run.
Wage Round
A period of regular pay negotiations, usually when employees are unionized.
Wage-Push Inflation
A type of inflation triggered by increases in wages.
Wage–price spiral
Understanding the wage–price spiral, a phenomenon where wage and price increases perpetuate each other, contributing to ongoing inflation.
wage(s)
Understanding Wage(s): Payment for work performed by employees, typically calculated based on hours worked, and contrasts with salaries received by independent contractors.
Wages Council
A governmental body established to set minimum wages for specific industries or types of work.
Wagner Act
An overview of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, known as the Wagner Act, which enabled workers' rights to unionize and participate in collective bargaining in the United States
Wagner’s Law
An observation by Adolph Wagner on the increasing share of the public sector in GDP over time
Wald Test
The Wald Test is utilized for testing restrictions on unknown parameters based on the maximum likelihood estimation.
Wall Street
Insight into the symbolic and functional epicenter of high finance in the United States
Walras's Law
An examination of Walras's Law, which asserts that the value of excess demand in an economy is always zero.
Warrant
A financial instrument granting the holder the right to purchase an underlying asset at a predetermined price.
Warranted Growth Rate
The rate at which growth must occur for sustainability in the Harrod–Domar model.
Warranty
A guarantee by the provider of goods or services as to their quality
Washington Consensus
A label for a policy agenda emphasizing stabilization, liberalization, and privatization in developing-country reform programs.
Wasting Asset
An asset which diminishes over time due to usage or time passage
Ways and Means Advances
Advances to the government made by the central bank. These are necessary when government expenditure runs in advance of receipts from taxation plus borrowing from the public, effectively increasing the money supply.
Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (WARP)
A principle in consumer theory ensuring that a consumer's choices are consistent with a utility-maximizing behavior
Weak Convergence
An overview of weak convergence in the context of economics and statistics.
Weak Stationarity
A property of a time series indicating that its mean, variance, and autocovariance structure do not change over time.
weakening of a currency
A fall in the price of a currency in terms of other currencies.
Wealth
The total value of a person's net assets, including various forms such as money, shares, real estate, and debt instruments.
Wealth Effect
The impact of an increase in an individual's total wealth on their level of expenditure and saving patterns.
Wealth Tax
An entry defining wealth tax and exploring its implications in economics.
Wear and Tear
The cumulative damage to equipment through regular use.
Weighted Average
An average giving weights to different numbers in proportion to their importance
Weighted Least Squares Estimator
A comprehensive entry explaining the concept, usage, and analytical frameworks associated with the weighted least squares estimator.
Weights in Index Numbers
Explanation of the term 'weights in index numbers,' its importance, and applications in economics.
Welfare
The state of well-being of an individual or a society.
Welfare Criterion
A method of deciding whether a proposed change in the economy should be made based on specific criteria evaluating gains and losses.
Welfare Economics
An entry exploring the scope, historical background, and multifaceted aspects of welfare economics.
Welfare State
Definition and meaning of the welfare state in economics
White Knight
An entity or investor that acquires a company to save it from an unwanted takeover.
White Noise
A stochastic process with zero mean, constant variance, and zero autocorrelation
White Noise in Economics
A stochastic process with zero mean, constant variance, and zero autocorrelation
White Paper
A UK government publication generally intended as a prelude to legislation, contrasted with a green paper meant to stimulate public discussion.
White's Test
A diagnostic tool for detecting heteroscedasticity in regression analysis, utilizing regressions of squared OLS residuals.
Wholesale Banking
Banking by institutions which specialize in dealing with other financial institutions, large firms, and wealthy individuals.
Wholesale Prices
The prices of goods dealt with on a wholesale basis, important for economic indicators and analyses.
Wholesaling
The sale of goods to distributors, rather than the general public.
widget
Understanding the term 'widget' in economic texts.
Wildcat Strike
An exploration of wildcat strikes, where employees initiate work stoppages without union authorization.
Willingness to Pay
A comprehensive understanding of the term 'Willingness to Pay' in economics, including its definition, historical context, and various analytical frameworks.
Windfall Gain
An unexpected increase in personal or corporate income, often considered for non-distortionary taxation.
Winding Up
Closing down a business, paying off its debts, and distributing remaining assets to shareholders.
Winner’s Curse
The potential financial loss experienced by the winning firm in competitive tendering or auction scenarios due to misestimation of costs or revenues.