E-commerce
The practice of advertising and selling goods and services over the internet.
e-government
The interaction of government with people, businesses, and charities that takes place online.
Early Retirement
Retirement before the legally established retirement age.
Earmarking
A linkage between a particular tax and a particular type of state expenditure.
Earned Income
Definition and Meaning of Earned Income
Earning Capacity
An in-depth look at earning capacity, its determinants and implications in economics
Earnings
A firm's profit after costs, interest, and taxes, used to assess performance and valuation.
Earnings
The financial remuneration received by the employed labor force, inclusive of basic pay, bonuses, and overtime.
Earnings Function
The relationship between earnings in the labor market and the human-capital stock accumulated by an individual.
Earnings Per Share (EPS)
A comprehensive overview of Earnings Per Share (EPS), its significance, and its implications in economics and finance.
East Asian Tigers
An exploration of the rapid economic growth experienced by Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan since the 1950s.
East India Company
An overview of the East India Company, its historical significance, and its impacts on global trade and economies.
Easy Fiscal Policy
A detailed exploration of the concept of easy fiscal policy in economic theory and practice.
Easy Monetary Policy
A comprehensive overview of easy monetary policy, its purposes, and implications.
Ecological Fallacy
A critical error in interpreting statistical data where associations observed at the aggregate or group level are incorrectly assumed to occur at the individual level.
Econometric Model
A detailed examination of econometric models, their definitions, historical context, analytical frameworks, and related terms.
Econometrics
An exploration of econometrics, its development, theoretical frameworks, and application in economics.
Economic Activity
An exploration of the production and consumption of goods and services in both market and non-market forms.
Economic Activity Classification
A framework for categorizing economic activities into distinct classes to enable comparison of data across time or between countries.
Economic and Social Research Council
An overview of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), its functions, historical development, and its role within the UK.
Economic Development
Economic transformation leading to improved well-being and economic capabilities in a region.
Economic Efficiency
A condition where resources are allocated to maximize total welfare given technology and constraints.
Economic Geography
A discipline that studies spatial aspects of economic activities.
Economic Growth
Definition and analysis of economic growth
Economic Imperialism
Domination of the economies of colonies by their rulers, or of politically independent countries by foreign or multinational companies.
Economic Indicators
A comprehensive overview of economic indicators, including definitions, analysis, and relevance in economic studies.
Economic Man
A person who makes rational decisions to achieve the most preferred outcome given constraints.
Economic Meltdown
A worsening economic situation analogous to the meltdown of a nuclear reactor; characterized by self-sustainability and danger.
Economic Model
A theoretical construct designed to analyse the behaviour of economic agents using quantitative and logical methods.
Economic Planning
A comprehensive entry on the concept of economic planning, covering definitions, historical contexts, major analytical frameworks, and more.
Economic Policy
A comprehensive overview of economic policy, its components, and analytical frameworks used to regulate economic activity.
Economic Profit
An in-depth look at the concept of economic profit and its implications in various economic theories and practices.
Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
US legislation enacted to encourage economic growth through reductions in individual income tax rates, incentives for small businesses, and other measures.
Economic Rent
A payment for the services of an economic resource above what is necessary for it to remain in its current use.
Economic Report of the President
Review and analysis of the annual 'Economic Report of the President' in the United States.
Economic Sanctions
Comprehensive entry on the definition, historical context, and analysis of economic sanctions
Economic Statistics
Data related to the economic activity of individuals and entities, such as firms and governments.
Economic System
An analysis of the distinct frameworks an economy can adopt, affecting production, distribution, and consumption.
Economic Theory
The branch of economics focused on the construction of models and mathematical methods for their analysis.
Economic Union
An international agreement for a common market and harmonization of certain economic policies.
Economically Active Population
The number of people during a specified time period who supply labour for the production of goods and services.
Economics
A comprehensive overview of Economics and its multifaceted dimensions.
Economies of Scale
The factors which make it possible for larger organizations or countries to produce goods or services more cheaply than smaller ones.
Economies of Scope
The benefits and cost savings that arise from engaging in related activities within a business.
economy
The system of activity connected with the production, trade, and consumption of goods and services of a region, country, or area.
Edgeworth Box
A graphical device for depicting resource allocation in a two-consumer, two-good economy.
Edgeworth Price Index
An explanation of the Edgeworth Price Index, also known as the Marshall–Edgeworth Price Index.
Effective Demand
An economic concept representing the planned expenditure by people who have the means to pay.
Effective Exchange Rate
A country's exchange rate calculated as a weighted average of its bilateral nominal exchange rates against other currencies.
Effective Protection
A detailed examination of the concept of effective protection in economics, its definition, historical context, and analytical frameworks.
Efficiency
An overview of the concept of efficiency in economics, its types, implications, and associated frameworks.
Efficiency Audit
An examination process assessing organizational efficiency, implemented either internally for profitability improvement or externally by regulatory bodies.
Efficiency Frontier
Exploring the Efficiency Frontier and its significance in economics, closely related to the Production Possibility Frontier.
Efficiency Wages
An in-depth look at efficiency wages, where employers pay higher-than-market-clearing wages to boost worker productivity.
Efficiency–Equity Trade-off
The observation that policies designed to achieve economic efficiency often have detrimental effects on distributional equity.
Efficient Allocation
A feasible allocation of economic resources ensuring no alternative feasible allocation makes at least one agent better off without making another worse off.
Efficient Asset Markets
An economic concept referring to markets where asset prices fully reflect all available information.
Efficient Estimator
An in-depth entry on the concept of efficient estimator in the field of statistics and econometrics.
Efficient Markets Hypothesis
The theory that where assets are traded in organized markets, prices take account of all available information, making it impossible to predict future price movements.
Effluent Charge
A fee or tax on polluting discharges into the environment, aimed at environmental restoration or discouraging pollutant emissions.
Elastic
Definition and meaning of 'elastic' in economics, illustrating what it denotes in terms of demand and supply elasticity.
Elasticity
The concept of elasticity in economics examines the responsiveness of one variable relative to proportional changes in another.
Elasticity of Demand
Elasticity of demand is the ratio between proportional change in quantity demanded and proportional change in price.
Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution
A measure of the willingness of a consumer to move consumption between time periods.
Elasticity of Substitution
The elasticity of substitution characterizes the responsiveness of the ratio of quantities of two goods demanded to changes in their relative prices.
Elasticity of Supply
The ratio of the proportional rise in the quantity of a good supplied to a proportional rise in its price.
Elasticity of Technical Substitution
The ratio of proportional change in the relative quantities of two inputs used by a firm to proportional change in their relative prices, holding total output constant.
Electronic Money
Money that is only ever transferred electronically over computer networks. Also known as e-money. See also cashless economy.
Electronic Money (e-money)
Definition and comprehensive analysis of electronic money (e-money) in economics.
Electronic Trading
A comprehensive entry on electronic trading, including its definition, historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
Elementary Price Index
An unweighted price index that does not account for the relative importance of different goods in a consumer's basket of purchases.
Eligible Liabilities
Definition and Meaning of Eligible Liabilities
eligible paper
Eligible paper refers to securities considered suitable for rediscounting by a central bank, such as Treasury bills and short-dated gilts.
Embargo
A prohibition on trading with a country, either generally or in particular goods.
Embodied Technical Progress
Improvements in technical knowledge exploited through investment in new equipment.
Emerging Market and Developing Economies
Comprehensive dictionary entry for Emerging Market and Developing Economies including its definition, context, and major analytical frameworks
Emerging Markets
The concept of emerging markets, exemplified by economies transitioning towards more advanced stages of economic development.
Emission Permit
A permit that allows the holder to emit pollution up to a specified level, playing a vital role in pollution control and emissions trading.
Emission Taxes
A comprehensive overview of emission taxes, their objectives, frameworks, and implications in economic contexts.
Emissions
Substances given off by human activities or productive processes, which may have adverse external effects.
Employee
A person working for somebody else, for wages or salary, under a contract of employment.
Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)
An arrangement for a US company to provide shares for its employees through a trust fund.
Employer
An overview of the term 'employer', its role and importance in economics.
Employer's Liability
The legal liability of employers to compensate their employees for accidents and illnesses due to their work.
Employers’ Association
A body representing employers in some sector of the economy, often managing collective bargaining and lobbying efforts.
Employment
Service performed for pay or wages under a contract of hire
Employment Protection
Regulations concerning the dismissal of workers by their employers.
Endogeneity Problem
Simultaneous causality between the dependent variable and an endogenous variable, rendering ordinary least squares estimation biased and inconsistent
Endogenous Business Cycle
A model of business cycles where fluctuations arise from internal factors, specifically random shocks to economic agents' beliefs.
Endogenous Growth
Economic growth where the growth rate is determined by the choices of economic agents.
Endogenous Preferences
An exploration into the concept of endogenous preferences in economics, encompassing historical context, definitions, analytical frameworks, and case studies.
Endogenous Variable
A variable whose value is determined by the equilibrium of a system, contrasted with an exogenous variable which is externally imposed.
Energy Tax
A tax on the consumption of energy from fossil fuels, aimed at conserving non-renewable energy resources and mitigating global warming.
Engel Curve
A detailed examination of the Engel Curve and its implications in economic theory
Engel Curve
A curve showing the relation between income level and consumption of some good, at a given price.
English Auction
An auction where the auctioneer starts with a low price and keeps taking higher bids until there are no more bids, selling the item to the highest bidder.
Enron Scandal
The financial and corporate misconduct leading to the bankruptcy of Enron in December 2001.
Enterprise
An in-depth look at the term 'enterprise' and its significance in economics.
Enterprise Culture
A climate of social opinion favorable to enterprise
Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS)
A comprehensive exploration of the Enterprise Investment Scheme, a UK initiative to encourage the formation of new small companies through various tax reliefs