Marginal Conditions for Optimality
An overview of the marginal conditions for optimality, a fundamental principle in economics that describes the equality of marginal benefit and marginal cost as a characterization of an optimal choice.
Marginal Cost
The additional cost incurred from an increase in an activity.
Marginal Cost of Abatement
An exploration of the marginal cost of abatement and its implications in economic theory and environmental regulation.
Marginal Cost Pricing
The policy of setting the price of a good or service equal to the marginal cost of producing it.
Marginal Effect
The effect of a small increase in A upon the value of B in economics.
Marginal Efficiency of Investment (MEI)
Understanding the concept of the marginal efficiency of investment (MEI), its historical context, major analytical frameworks, and practical applications.
Marginal Firm
A dictionary entry for the term 'marginal firm' in economics, detailing its definition, historical context, and analytical frameworks.
Marginal Land
Study of land on the margin of cultivation in economic terms.
Marginal Physical Product
An in-depth exploration of the economic term 'marginal physical product,' its definition, applications, and relevance.
Marginal Private Benefit
The increase in private benefit resulting from a marginal increase in an activity, excluding any external effects.
Marginal Private Cost
The increase in private cost resulting from a marginal increase in an activity, excluding any external effects.
marginal product
The extra output that results from a small increase in an input, formally represented by the partial derivative of a production function with respect to the input's quantity.
Marginal Propensity to Consume
An economic metric that quantifies the change in consumption capacity resulting from a change in disposable income.
Marginal Propensity to Import
An economic measure indicating the portion of additional income that will be spent on imports.
Marginal Propensity to Save
An examination of the Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS), its definitions, frameworks, historical contexts, and case studies in economics.
Marginal Rate of Substitution
A detailed entry explaining the marginal rate of substitution, its importance, and its interpretation in economics.
Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS)
A detailed entry explaining the marginal rate of substitution, its importance, and its interpretation in economics.
Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution
Analysis of the marginal rate of technical substitution in economics terms
Marginal Rate of Transformation
An exploration of the concept of the marginal rate of transformation in economics which signifies the amount by which one output can be increased if another is reduced, holding total inputs constant.
Marginal Revenue
A comprehensive analysis of the economic term 'marginal revenue', its definitions, and applications.
Marginal Revenue
A comprehensive analysis of the economic term 'marginal revenue', its definitions, and applications.
Marginal Revenue Product
The addition to total revenue from a small increase in any factor input, per unit of the increase.
Marginal Social Benefit
An economics term referring to the increase in social benefit from a marginal increase in an activity, incorporating all external effects.
Marginal Social Cost
The increase in social cost resulting from a marginal increase in an activity, including all external effects.
Marginal Tax Rate
Detailed explanation of the marginal tax rate and its implications in economics.
Marginal Utility
The addition to an individual’s utility from a small increase in consumption of any good, per unit of the increase.
Marginal Utility of Income
An in-depth look at the marginal utility of income, its definition, theories, and applications in economic analysis.
Marginal Utility of Money
The amount by which an individual’s utility would be increased if given a small quantity of additional money.
Marginal Utility of Wealth
The increase in an individual’s utility from an incremental increase in total wealth.
Mark-to-Market
The evaluation of a financial trading position using current market data.
Mark-up
The excess of the selling price of a product over the cost of making or buying it.
Market
A detailed entry about markets, encompassing its definitions, types, and significance in economics.
market access
The freedom to buy or sell in a market, potentially hindered by natural or institutional barriers.
Market Capitalization
The market value of a company’s issued shares.
Market Clearing
Definition and meaning of market clearing in economics
Market Concentration
A term describing the extent to which a market is dominated by a limited number of firms.
Market Conduct
Market conduct refers to the behaviors and strategic decisions made by firms within a market, influencing structure and performance.
Market Definition
The process of determining the firms, consumers, and products which constitute a specific market; a fundamental step in competition policy.
Market Economy
A comprehensive examination of a market economy, its mechanisms, and comparative insights with other economic systems.
Market Entry
Definition and analysis of the term 'market entry' in the field of economics
Market Equilibrium
Exploration and understanding of market equilibrium, where supply and demand in a market are equal at the prevailing price.
Market Failure
An examination of market failure in economic contexts, its sources, and implications for government intervention.
Market for Lemons
An economic theory that describes how asymmetric information can cause market failure, often illustrated through the used-car market.
Market Forces
Understanding Market Forces and Their Impact on Economics
Market Power
The ability of an economic agent to affect the equilibrium price in a market.
Market Prices
The prices at which goods are currently trading in the market.
Market Risk
The risk faced by traders due to price changes in financial markets, for holders of both long and short positions.
Market Share
An explanation of market share and its implications in different contexts such as regulatory frameworks and economic analysis.
Market Structure
An in-depth look at market structure, its definition, the measuring indices, and its implications across various economic theories.
Market-Maker
Definition and meaning of a market-maker in the context of goods or securities markets.
Marketable Security
An overview and in-depth analysis of marketable securities in economics.
Marketing
Comprehensive overview of Marketing, its processes, and impact on business.
Markov Chain
A stochastic process described by a finite number of states with transition probabilities depending only on the current state.
Marshall Plan
A large programme of US aid to assist recovery of the European economies from the effects of the Second World War.
Marshall–Edgeworth Price Index
An economic index that uses the arithmetic mean of the current and base period quantities for weighting.
Marshall–Lerner Condition
A condition that ensures devaluation improves a country’s balance of trade.
Marshallian Demand
Explanation of the economic concept of Marshallian Demand, its origins, definitions, and its relevance in economic analysis
Marshallian Demand
Ordinary (uncompensated) demand: the utility-maximizing bundle as a function of prices and income.
Marshallian Demand
Explanation of the economic concept of Marshallian Demand, its origins, definitions, and its relevance in economic analysis
Martingale
A stochastic process where the expected future value of a variable, given the current information, is equal to its current value.
Marxian Economics
An explanation of the functioning of the economy based on the theories of the philosopher Karl Marx, including the labour theory of value, exploitation, and the prediction of a systemic breakdown of capitalism.
Mass Production
Production on a large scale, using mechanized methods to produce standardized goods.
Massaging Statistics
A derogatory term for the practice of altering statistical data to fit certain narratives or remove discrepancies.
Matching
A model of interaction between agents where joint productivity or pay-offs depend on individual characteristics on both sides, used in labor market studies.
Matching Pennies
Definition and meaning of the term 'matching pennies' in economics.
Material Resources
An overview of material resources within an economic context
Mathematical Economics
An exploration of the field of mathematical economics, which is at the boundary between economics and applied mathematics.
Maturity
Understanding Maturity - The redemption of securities.
Maximin
The maximin principle is a theory of distributive justice proposed by John Rawls. The principle states that the social objective should be the maximization of the utility of the worst-off person.
Maximum Likelihood Estimator
An overview of Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE), a method used to estimate unknown parameters of a distribution by maximizing the likelihood function of the sample.
Meade Review
A significant review of the UK tax system chaired by economist James Meade, leading to the 1978 Meade Report.
Mean
The average value of a variable, commonly used to summarize data and connect samples to expectations.
Mean
Exploring the concept of mean and its various forms in economics
Mean
Exploring the concept of mean and its various forms in economics
Mean Reversion
Understanding the principle of mean reversion in economics and its applications.
Mean Squared Error (MSE)
Mean Squared Error (MSE) - Definition, Applications, and Analytical Frameworks
Mean-Variance Preferences
Understanding mean-variance preferences in investment portfolio choice.
Means Test
An assessment method used to determine eligibility for certain benefits based on income and assets.
Means-Tested Benefits
A comprehensive overview of means-tested benefits, including definitions, analytical frameworks, comparative analysis, and related terms.
Measurement Error
The difference between the true value of a quantity and the measured value, including systematic and random errors.
Mechanism Design
The construction of a game of strategic interaction that achieves a specific outcome in economics.
Median
The median of the distribution of a random variable and its significance in statistical analysis.
Median Voter Theorem
A theorem in voting theory that asserts the outcome of majority voting will be the preference of the median voter.
Medicaid
A US government scheme to pay for medical treatment for individuals with low incomes.
Medicare
A US government scheme to pay for medical treatment for those over the age of 65.
Medium of Exchange
A detailed account of the concept of a medium of exchange in economics.
Medium-Dated Security
A security with a maturity period of between 5 and 15 years when first issued
Medium-Term Financial Strategy (MTFS)
Medium-Term Financial Strategy (MTFS) is a policy adopted by the UK government in 1980 aimed at controlling inflation through long-term reductions in government borrowing and money supply growth.
member bank
A bank that belongs to a clearing system or, in the US, a bank that is part of the Federal Reserve System
Menu Costs
The real costs firms face when changing prices, which can generate aggregate price stickiness.
Menu Costs of Inflation
An exploration of the concept, causes, and economic implications of the menu costs of inflation.
Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR)
A Latin American common market established in 1991 by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela, aimed at promoting economic integration and free trade among member states.
Mercantilism
An economic theory popular in the 16th to 18th centuries that viewed a nation’s supply of capital as the determinant of welfare.
Merchandise Account
The part of the balance-of-payments accounts referring to visible trade, or merchandise imports and exports.
Merchant Bank
Merchant Bank deals mainly with the financing of international activities of firms.
Merger
A combination of two or more firms into a single new firm, involving the consolidation of assets and liabilities and division of shares among original shareholders.
Merit Goods
Merit goods are goods or services whose consumption is deemed beneficial for society beyond the immediate individual benefits, often warranting government intervention.
Meta-Analysis
Combining results from multiple studies addressing similar research hypotheses to produce an overall conclusion.
Method of Moments Estimator
An estimator of the unknown parameters of a distribution obtained by solving equations equating moments of distribution to their sample counterparts.
Microeconometrics
Microeconometrics: Analytical Tools for Individual-Level Economic Data