Habit Persistence
An analysis of habit persistence in economic preferences where current and previous consumption levels affect utility.
Hang Seng Index
The principal index of Hong Kong share prices.
Happiness Index
An overview and detailed explanation of the Happiness Index as an economic measure.
Harberger triangle
A geometric representation of the economic loss of welfare caused by market failure or government failure.
Hard Budget Constraint
A limit to spending by some private or public body, where the consequences of breaching it are expected to be significant.
Hard Currency
A comprehensive explanation of hard currency, including its definition, historical context, major analytical frameworks, and comparative analysis.
hard Ecu
Proposal for a European Currency Unit (Ecu) that would have been non-devaluative, with implications for investment and foreign exchange reserves
Hard Landing
Recession following a period of excess demand and inflation caused by severe fiscal and monetary restraints.
Hard Loan
An in-depth look at the term 'hard loan' in economics, detailing its characteristics, frameworks, historical context, and comparisons with soft loans.
Hard-core Unemployed
A detailed overview of the concept of hard-core unemployed, including its definition, historical context, and analytical frameworks.
Harmonic Mean
The harmonic mean of a set of numbers, commonly used in various economic and statistical analyses.
Harmonic Mean in Economics
The harmonic mean of a set of numbers, commonly used in various economic and statistical analyses.
Harmonization
The process of convergence over time of tax rates and regulatory rules in countries belonging to an economic bloc.
Harrod-neutral technical progress
An economic concept where technological progress increases labor productivity but leaves the capital-output ratio unchanged.
Harrod-Neutral Technical Progress
Definition and detailed exploration of Harrod-neutral technical progress in economics
Harrod–Domar Growth Model
An exploration of the Harrod–Domar growth model, its foundation, assumptions, and implications on economic growth.
Hausman Test
Model specification test to compare estimators for consistency and efficiency.
Hawala
A remittance system developed in India that operates parallel to standard banking or financial channels, based on trust and network communication.
Health and Safety at Work Act
The 1974 UK Act setting standards of health and safety at work and provisions for their enforcement.
Health Economics
A field of economics that studies economic aspects of health care provision and management.
Health Insurance
Insurance against medical expenses and loss of earnings due to accident or illness.
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
A detailed examination of the group of 39 countries identified for potential debt relief by international financial institutions based on specific economic criteria.
Heckscher–Ohlin Model
A foundational framework in the theory of inter-industry trade, named after its creators, which postulates that differences in relative factor endowments drive international trade patterns.
Hedge Fund
An overview and analysis of hedge funds as investment vehicles focusing on speculative positions in markets for shares, currencies, and derivatives.
Hedging
An exploration of hedging, a strategy to manage and mitigate financial risk in business activities.
Hedonic Pricing
The method of pricing a good by estimating the value of its individual *characteristics.
Herfindahl Index
A measure of firm size relative to market size used as an indicator of market concentration and competition.
Heteroscedasticity
Exploring the concept of heteroscedasticity in statistical and econometric models, including its definition, implications, detection tests, and methods for managing it.
Hicks-neutral technical progress
Understanding Hicks-neutral technical progress, where average and marginal products of all factors increase in the same proportion for given factor proportions.
Hicksian Demand
Understanding the concept of Hicksian demand in economics, also known as compensated demand.
Hidden Economy
An overview of hidden economy which encompasses economic activities not included in official statistics.
Hidden Unemployment
Understanding the concept of hidden unemployment and the implications it holds in economic analysis.
High-powered Money
Definition and explanation of high-powered money in economics.
Hire Purchase
The system by which goods are available to the buyer for immediate use but paid for in instalments.
Hiring
The process of taking on new employees, an essential function of management, which may be subject to various legal restrictions.
Histogram
A graphical representation of frequencies or proportions of observations falling within specified categories or bins.
Historical Cost
An exploration of the term 'historical cost' in economics, detailing its definition, implications, and significance within various economic frameworks.
Hit-and-Run Entry
Entry to a market in the expectation of making an immediate profit, possibly followed by withdrawal, typically occurring without incurring significant sunk costs.
HM Revenue and Customs
The UK government department responsible for tax collection and welfare payments.
HM Treasury
HM Treasury (HMT) - The UK ministry for economics and finance.
Hockey Stick
A reconstruction of temperatures over the past 1,000 years prominently featured in the IPCC Third Assessment Report, commonly used to illustrate global warming.
Hog Cycle
Understanding the Hog Cycle in Economics
Hold-Up Problem
A class of contracting problems where one agent’s pre-contractual investment affects the relative bargaining power between agents, potentially hindering mutual gains from collaboration.
Holding Company
A company that holds shares in other companies to form a corporate group and does not produce goods or services.
Home Bias
The tendency for consumers and investors to favor domestic products and investments over foreign ones.
Home Production
An overview of the term 'home production' in the context of economics
Homo Economicus
An overview of the concept of homo economicus or economic man, which refers to a simplified model of human behavior in economic theory.
Homogeneous Good
A fundamental concept in economics describing goods that have uniform properties and are identical in every unit.
Homoscedasticity
Understanding Homoscedasticity in Economics
Hong Kong Stock Exchange
An overview of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, established in 1891, with a market capitalization of US$2.7 trillion as of February 2016.
Horizontal Equity
The principle that individuals in similar situations should be treated equally.
Horizontal Integration
Expanding the product range of a business at the same point in the supply chain
Horizontal Merger
A merger between firms at the same stage of production
Hostile Bid
A takeover bid opposed by a company's directors due to various reasons including belief in better off independently or seeking a higher offer.
Hot Money
Money in bank balances or liquid securities which is liable to rapid removal to other countries if the holders suspect that the currency will depreciate.
Hotelling’s Law
Understanding Hotelling's Law, the Law of Minimal Differentiation, and its applications in economics.
Hours of Work
The number of hours per day or per week that a worker is contracted to perform
Household
The basic decision-making unit for consumption, saving, and labor supply in microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Household Decision-Making
An in-depth economic analysis of household decision-making models, focusing on consumption, labor supply, and the cooperative versus non-cooperative dynamics within households.
Household Production
Understanding the concept of household production, its significance, and how it is accounted for in different economic systems.
Housing Association
A non-profit housing provider that supplies below-market or regulated housing within local housing systems.
Housing Benefit
Assistance under the UK social security system for low-income households to cover rented accommodation costs
Human Capital
The stock of knowledge, skills, and abilities that determine the labor productivity of an individual.
Human Development Index
A comprehensive measure of a country's development factoring in health, education, and living standards, introduced by the United Nations Development Programme.
Hyperbolic Discounting
An assumption on the rate of time preference reflecting a bias towards present rewards, showing a declining discount rate as the time horizon increases.
Hyperinflation
A comprehensive look at hyperinflation, its definition, historical context, and its implications on the economy.
Hypothecation
An analysis of hypothecation, originally a pledge of property as collateral without possession transfer, and its modern tax-associated context.
Hypothesis Testing
An examination of hypothesis testing, a foundational algorithm in statistical inference used for evaluating theoretical claims.
Hysteresis in Economics
Exploration of the concept of hysteresis and its implications in economic dynamics and behavioral economics.