Contract Curve
An exploration of the locus of Pareto-efficient allocations within an exchange economy.
Contract of Employment
An examination of a contract between an employer and employee detailing job expectations and conditions.
Contract Theory
The study of contracts, focusing on the design of contracts to provide appropriate incentives.
Contracted-Out
Definition and meaning of contracted-out services in economics.
Contractual Savings
Understanding the concept, implications, and analytical frameworks around contractual savings.
Contributory Pension Scheme
A pension scheme in which scheme members contribute part of their salary to pension funds, typically matched by employer contributions.
Control
The ability to influence or direct the behavior of a company through voting power.
Control Group
The group which is used as the standard of comparison in a test of the effectiveness of a policy intervention.
Convention on Biological Diversity
An international agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, initiated by the United Nations Environment Programme.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
An international agreement aimed at ensuring that trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
Convergence Criteria
A set of criteria established for EU member states to meet before adopting the euro.
Convergence in Distribution
A detailed examination of the concept of convergence in distribution within economics and probability theory
Convergence in Mean Squares
A detailed exploration of the concept and meaning of convergence in mean squares in the context of sequences of random variables.
Convergence in Probability
An overview of the concept of convergence in probability within the field of econometrics and statistics.
Convertibility
The right to change money into foreign currency.
Convertible Currency
An overview of convertible currency and its economic implications.
Convertible Debenture
A comprehensive examination of convertible debenture, its characteristics, historical background, and analytical frameworks.
Convex Preferences
Definition and meaning of convex preferences in economic theory.
Cooperation
Agreement by two or more individuals, firms, or governments to work together
Cooperative Game
A comprehensive overview of cooperative game theory, including its definition, historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
Cooperative Society
A detailed overview of a cooperative society, a business entity owned and operated by its employees or customers.
Coordination Failure
An economic situation where beneficial activities do not take place due to a lack of coordination between involved parties.
Copyright
The exclusive legal right to reproduce and authorize the reproduction of artistic, dramatic, literary, or musical works.
Core in Economics
Definition and meaning of 'core' in economic geography and global development.
Core Inflation
A measure of inflation of consumer prices excluding certain volatile items.
Corner (a Market)
A market manipulation technique in futures and commodities markets.
Corner Solution
A comprehensive entry exploring the meaning and implications of a corner solution in economic analysis.
Corporate Equity
The net assets of a company after paying all creditors, which is the amount available for ordinary shareholders.
Corporate Governance
A comprehensive exploration of the principles, frameworks, and stakeholders involved in corporate governance.
Corporate Income Tax
A comprehensive examination of corporate income tax, including its meaning, context, and major theoretical frameworks.
Corporate Sector
Part of the economy involving companies working for private profit
Corporate Social Responsibility
An overview of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), its significance, frameworks, and related concepts.
Corporation
A comprehensive look at corporations, defining their significance, historical context, and analytical frameworks in economics
Corporation Tax
An overview of corporation tax, its historical evolution, and different theoretical perspectives.
Corporatism
A concept of a political economic system in which economic decisions are achieved through negotiation between centralized corporate bodies representing interest groups.
Correlation Coefficient
A comprehensive overview of the correlation coefficient as an economic term including its definition and applications.
Corruption
The act of using bribery or other unethical methods to influence the actions of public officials for private gain.
Corruption Perception Index
A measurement tool that scores countries based on perceived corruption in the public sector.
Corset
A colloquial name for the Supplementary Special Deposits Scheme in the UK used from 1973 to 1980 to control the growth of bank deposits and interest-bearing eligible liabilities.
Cost Accounting
An overview and analysis of the discipline of cost accounting, which focuses on the measurement and assessment of economic activities' costs.
Cost Centre
A section of a firm or organization that incurs costs but does not generate direct revenue, contributing indirectly to profits.
Cost Curve
A detailed analysis of cost curves in economics, including their definitions and implications.
Cost Function
The minimum cost of producing a given output level expressed as a function of input prices.
Cost Inflation
A comprehensive analysis of cost inflation in economics.
Cost Minimization
The objective of an enterprise to produce its output at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the specified quality of goods or services.
Cost of Capital
The rate of return an enterprise must offer to induce investors to provide capital, including debt and equity components.
Cost of Living Index
An index of the cost of maintaining a given standard of living
Cost of Protection
The total cost to an economy of adopting protectionist trade policies.
Cost Schedule
A systematic listing of various production costs associated with different levels of output.
Cost-Benefit Analysis
An in-depth exploration of cost-benefit analysis, including definition, historical context, and its application in various economic frameworks.
Cost-Effectiveness
A decision criterion that compares policy or project costs to measurable outcomes when benefits are not fully monetized.
Cost-Plus Pricing
A pricing strategy where the price equals measured costs plus an agreed percentage mark-up for profit, often criticized for lacking cost control incentives.
Cost-Push Inflation
An economic concept where the general price levels in an economy rise due to increased costs of production, often leading to declines in the purchasing power of money.
Cost, Insurance, and Freight (c.i.f.)
Definition and Meaning of Cost, Insurance, and Freight (c.i.f.)
Costs
In economics, the value of resources used (including opportunity cost) to produce a good, service, or outcome.
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
An international organization of the planned economies of the USSR and its allies.
Council Housing
State-financed housing for rent provided through local authorities in the UK.
Council of Economic Advisers
A US body of three academics appointed to advise the President on the state of the economy and assist in economic policy formulation.
Council Tax
A tax levied by UK local authorities on property holders, dependent on property valuation.
Counter-Party
Understanding 'Counter-Party': Its Definition, Meaning, and Economic Importance
Counter-Party Credit Risk
The risk associated with the possibility that a counter-party in a financial transaction may default on their obligations.
Counter-Trade
A form of international trade in which exchanges are conducted via goods and services rather than money.
Counterfactual Analysis
A comprehensive exploration of counterfactual analysis within the field of economics, detailing its applications and significance in econometrics, macroeconomics, and microeconomics.
Countervailing Duty
A tariff imposed to offset the effects of foreign subsidies, aimed at leveling the playing field for domestic producers.
Countervailing Power
Use of an organization by a group of individuals to protect against monopolistic exploitation by others.
Coupon
A term used in finance referring to the dividends due on a security, notably for bearer securities where payments are claimed using a physical coupon.
Cournot Competition
A form of oligopolistic competition where firms simultaneously decide their quantity of output, influencing the market price.
Cournot Duopoly
An analysis and definition of the concept of Cournot Duopoly within economic theory
Covariance
An exploration of the concept of covariance in economic data.
Covariance
An exploration of the concept of covariance in economic data.
Covariance Matrix
Detailed analysis and definition of the covariance matrix in economics and statistics
Covariance Matrix
A square matrix that collects variances and covariances across multiple variables (used in econometrics and portfolio risk).
Covariance Stationary Process (Second-Order Stationary Process, Weakly Stationary Process)
Understanding the concept of covariance stationary process in time-series analysis, including its definition, historical development, and analytical frameworks in economics.
Cover in Economics
The protection against risk provided by an insurance policy, including its limitations and coverage extents.
Covered Interest Parity
Exploration of the concept of Covered Interest Parity and its relevance in Economics and Finance.
Covered Interest Parity
An economic concept that ensures the equality of returns on investments in different currencies when adjusted for forward exchange rates, preventing arbitrage opportunities.
Cowles Foundation
A detailed exploration of the Cowles Foundation, its history, contributions to econometrics and general equilibrium theory, and its influence on Nobel-winning economists.
Crawling Peg Exchange Rates
A form of a fixed exchange rate regime with controlled rate changes rather than fixed levels.
Creative Accounting
A practice of using alternative, usually permitted, methods to manipulate accounting figures to present desired financial outcomes.
Creative Destruction
A model of economic growth driven by quality-improving innovations that make old technologies or products obsolete.
Credibility
The extent to which policy announcements are believed
Credible Threat
A comprehensive look at the concept of a credible threat in economics, its definition, and relevance across various economic theories.
Credit
An in-depth look into the system by which goods or services are provided for deferred payment
Credit Control
An exploration of the policies and instruments used to manage aggregate demand through the regulation of credit.
Credit Creation
The process by which banks collectively create loans in excess of the base money they receive.
Credit Crunch
A reduction in the availability of loans accompanied by an increase in the severity of the conditions required to be granted credit.
Credit Cycle
The theory that business cycles are caused by fluctuations in credit
Credit Default Swap
A financial instrument providing insurance against the risk of default on debt instruments.
Credit Rating
An assessment of the probability that an individual, firm, or country will be able and willing to pay its debts.
Credit Rationing
Non-price restriction of loans where lenders do not provide loans to all applicants willing to pay the interest rate demanded.
Credit Restriction
An overview of credit restriction, also known as credit control, its meaning, and implications in economics.
Credit Squeeze
An economic policy package intended to restrain the level of demand by restricting credit.
Credit Standing
Understanding the concept of credit standing and its implications in economics.
Credit Union
A financial institution run as a cooperative, owned and controlled by its members.
Credit-Rating Agency
A firm that assesses and provides ratings on the creditworthiness of individuals or companies.
Creditor Nation
A country with positive net foreign assets, indicating its external financial strength.
Creditors
The balance-sheet item showing debts owing to others, divided between payments due in under a year and other debts.
Creditworthiness
The opinion of potential lenders about the safety of loans to any particular borrower.
Creeping Inflation
Moderate and persistent inflation observed over long periods.
Critical Path Analysis
A system of planning complex processes to determine the shortest time to complete a project by analyzing the longest path of sequences without time float.