Stackelberg Duopoly
An economic model of duopoly where one firm acts as a leader and the other as a follower, influencing each other's strategic decisions.
Stag in Economics
An overview of the term 'stag' in economics, referring to investors who subscribe to new issues of shares with the aim of selling them quickly for a profit.
Stages of Economic Growth
The theory that countries develop through a series of modes of economic organization, each leading to the next.
Stagflation
The situation where a country persistently suffers from both high inflation and high unemployment.
Stagnation
A situation in which there is little or no change in techniques or income levels.
Stakeholder
A term referring to any individual, group, or entity that has an interest or stake in a business or organization.
Stamp Duty
Tax on transactions necessitating documents to carry an official stamp for legal validation.
Standard and Poor’s (S&P)
Definition and meaning of Standard and Poor’s (S&P), a major US credit-rating agency and producer of stock price indices.
Standard Deviation
Definition and comprehensive analysis of the standard deviation in economics.
Standard Error
Definition and meaning of the term 'Standard Error' in the context of economics and statistics.
Standard Industrial Classification
A coding framework used to classify business activities for statistics, regulation, and economic analysis.
Standard International Trade Classification
An overview and detailed explanation of the Standard International Trade Classification system used for classifying international visible trade.
Standard of Living
The economic component of people’s welfare measured by various factors.
Standard Rate
Definition and meaning of the standard rate in the context of UK income tax
Standardized Commodity
A comprehensive overview of standardized commodities, including their definition, significance, and role in the market economy.
Standby Arrangement
An arrangement by central banks to lend one another reserves to stabilize exchange rates and prevent speculative attacks.
Staple Product
An essential product that forms the basis of an area's or country's economy, or a consistently consumed good that fulfills basic needs.
State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme (SERPS)
A UK government scheme intended to provide supplementary earnings-related pensions.
State Enterprise
An economics term referring to a firm founded and run by the state, often to engage in activities not attractive to private entrepreneurs or those involving natural monopolies.
state-owned company
A company whose shares are owned by the state, often in the prelude to privatization.
States of the World
The concept of states of the world in economics, encompassing the possible future outcomes for an economy under uncertainty.
Static Equilibrium
A state where economic variables remain constant in the absence of external forces.
Stationary Process
An in-depth look at the stationary process, including its definitions, major analytical frameworks, and historical context.
Statistic
A comprehensive definition and exploration of the term 'statistic' within the field of economics.
Statistical Adjustment
A brief overview and complete understanding of statistical adjustment in economics.
Statistics
A branch of mathematics dealing with the methods for collection and analysis of data samples to infer properties of a broader population.
Statutory Monopoly
Explanation of statutory monopoly, a monopoly protected by law.
Steady State
Detailed exploration of the concept of Steady State in Economics
Sterilization
The method by which a central bank prevents balance-of-payments surpluses or deficits from affecting the domestic money supply.
Sterling
Detailed entry on the definition, meaning, and historical context of the term 'Sterling' in economics.
Sterling Area
A group of countries, mainly in the Commonwealth, which linked their currencies to sterling and held their foreign exchange reserves in London.
Sterling M3
A former measure of broad money (M3) in the UK, encompassing various monetary components.
Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA)
The Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA) tracks sterling overnight funding rates and serves as a proxy for market interest rate expectations.
Sticky Prices
Understanding sticky prices, their causes, and implications in various economic frameworks.
Sticky Wages
Wage rates that are not readily changed in response to changes in market conditions.
Stochastic Process
A detailed exploration of the concept of stochastic processes in economics, including definitions, historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
Stochastic Volatility
A detailed exploration of stochastic volatility in financial economics, its implications, and applications.
Stock
The comprehensive definition of stock in economics and its contextual application in various economic theories.
Stock Appreciation
Understanding Stock Appreciation in Economics
Stock Dividend
A situation when shareholders receive dividends in the form of new shares in a company rather than cash.
Stock Exchange
A detailed exploration of the concept and function of stock exchanges.
Stock Exchange Automated Quotation System (SEAQ)
A screen-based dealing system that allows the display of buying and selling prices by market makers.
Stock Exchange Listing
The right of a company to have its shares traded on a stock exchange
Stock Market
A platform where securities, such as stocks and bonds, are bought and sold, serving as a significant indicator of the economy's health.
Stock Market Crash
A comprehensive analysis of stock market crashes, their historical contexts, and economic implications.
Stock Option
An instrument offering the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a stock at a predetermined price within a specified time period.
Stock Split
A corporate action that increases the number of shares in a corporation without changing the total capital base, often used to make shares more accessible to small investors.
Stockbroker
Definition and Meaning of Stockbroker in Economics
Stockpile
A large stock of a commodity held for strategic or economic reasons.
Stolper–Samuelson Theorem
An explanation of the Stolper–Samuelson theorem and its impact on income distribution and trade economics.
Stop–Go Cycle
A sequence of alternations of official policy between expanding and contracting effective demand within Keynesian economics.
Store of Value
The function of money through which it can be preserved and used in the future without losing value.
Straight-line Depreciation
A method of accounting for depreciation of an asset by evenly distributing its cost over its assumed useful life.
Strategic Behaviour
An introduction to the concept of strategic behaviour in economics and its implications.
Strategic Entry Deterrence
Actions undertaken by a firm to deter competitors from entering their markets.
Strategic Interaction
A comprehensive examination of strategic interaction where the decisions of economic agents affect each other's payoffs, commonly analyzed through game theory.
Strategic Trade Policy
An in-depth look at strategic trade policy and its implications in international economics.
Strategic Trade Retaliation
Retaliation measures in international trade to deter further restrictions by foreign entities.
Strategic Voting
Definition and exploration of the concept of strategic voting in economics and political science.
Strategy
An exploration of the concept of strategy within the context of game theory, including dominant and mixed strategies and their implications.
Stratified Sample
A method of sampling that involves dividing a population into subgroups and taking samples from each subgroup in proportion to their presence in the population.
Strengthening of a Currency
A rise in the price of one currency in terms of others due to increased demand.
Strike
Withdrawal of labour by a group of employees, typically members of a trade union.
Strike Ballot
A vote of union members to decide on taking strike action, operating under union rules or legal requirements.
Strike Price
Economic definition and meaning of the term 'Strike Price'
Stripped Bond
An in-depth analysis of stripped bonds, their definitions, concepts, and relevance in different economic frameworks.
Strong Axiom of Revealed Preference (SARP)
An in-depth examination of the Strong Axiom of Revealed Preference (SARP) within economic theory
Strongly Stationary Process
An overview of strongly stationary processes in the context of stochastic processes.
Structural Break
Definition and meaning of a structural break in economics, with a focus on its occurrence in time-series models.
Structural Equation
An overview of structural equations, their use in economics, and important related concepts.
Structural Funds
Funds operated by the European Union to improve economic conditions in the poorest regions of member countries and reduce regional inequality.
Structural Transformation
An in-depth look into the concept of structural transformation in economics.
Structural Unemployment
An in-depth exploration of the concept of Structural Unemployment within economics.
Structure–Conduct–Performance
An exploration of the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) paradigm in industrial organization economics.
Structured Investment Vehicle (SIV)
A structured investment vehicle (SIV) is an investment company (often affiliated with a bank) designed to profit by borrowing funds at low costs and investing in securities with higher returns, such as mortgage-backed bonds and collateralized debt obligations.
Student’s t-Distribution
Student’s t-distribution is a probability distribution used in statistics to estimate population parameters when the sample size is small.
Stylized Facts
Empirical observations used as a starting point for the construction of economic theories.
Sub-Prime Mortgage
An exploration of sub-prime mortgages, including its definition, significance, and implications in economics.
Subcontracting
The practice of principal suppliers sourcing inputs from independent firms to gain specialized skills and flexibility.
Subgame in Game Theory
Definition, historical context, and analytical frameworks for understanding the concept of a subgame in economics and game theory.
Subgame Perfect Equilibrium
A detailed exploration of Subgame Perfect Equilibrium in the context of sequential games in economics.
Subsidiarity
The principle that decisions on policy should be taken at the most decentralized level consistent with making them effective.
Subsidiary
A firm owned or controlled by another firm, with varying degrees of decision-making autonomy.
Subsidized Credit
Credit provided on terms below normal market rates to encourage specific activities or to benefit particular groups.
Subsidy
Government payments to consumers or producers affecting the factor cost.
Subsistence Level
An overview of the term 'subsistence level' which refers to the minimum level of consumption required for survival.
Subsistence Wages
The lowest level of wages that allows workers to survive.
substitute
A comprehensive exploration of the concept of substitutes in economics—goods or services that can be used to satisfy similar needs.
Substitution
The concept of substitution in economics referring to the switching of consumption from one good or service to another in response to a change in the ratio of prices.
Substitution Effect
The effect on the demand for a good when the price of another good increases, assuming constant utility.
Sucre - A Regional Currency in Latin America
An exploration of the Sucre, a regional currency introduced in 2009 by a group of Latin American countries.
Sunk Costs
Understanding the concept of sunk costs in economics.
Sunspot Theory
An economic theory predicting that economic activity can be coordinated with external non-economic events.
Superannuation
An overview of superannuation, its definitions, practices, and significance in the context of economics.
Supernormal Profit
Understanding Supernormal Profit: Definition, Background, and Implications in Economics
Supplementary Benefit
A UK social security benefit that was available on a means-tested basis to ensure income did not fall below a certain level.
Supply
The amount of a good or service offered for sale and its determination factors.
Supply Curve
A curve showing the amount that firms in an industry are willing to supply at each possible price.
Supply-Side Economics
An overview of supply-side economics, focusing on its core principles, historical context, and its contrast with Keynesian economics.
Supply-Side Policy
A detailed overview of supply-side policies aimed at increasing aggregate supply in an economy.