Relative Income Hypothesis
The theory that savings behaviour is affected by an individual's relative position in the income distribution.
Relative Price
The concept of relative price, its importance in economic choices, and its measurement.
Relative Standard Deviation
The absolute value of the coefficient of variation.
Relative Standard Error
A unit-free measure of the reliability of a statistic, defined by the absolute value of the ratio of the standard error to the sample estimate of the statistic, expressed as a percentage.
Relief
An economic term that involves various forms of financial assistance or support, often in the context of debt relief or mortgage interest relief.
Reneging
The act of going back on a promise, contract, or bargain in economic contexts.
Renewable Energy
An overview of renewable energy and its significance in economics.
Renewable Resources
Natural or man-made resources that are replenishable at least as fast as they are consumed or used up
rent
A comprehensive examination of rent within economic frameworks, including land rent, quasi-rent, rental payments, and rent of ability.
Rent Control
An examination of rent control policies, their implications, and their historical context in economics.
Rent-Seeking
Definition and exploration of rent-seeking behaviors in economics.
Rental Payment
Definition and meaning of rental payment in economics
Rented Housing
Housing wherein the occupant pays rent to the owner for residence use.
Rentier
A term in economics describing an individual whose main income comes from interest on assets.
Repeated Game
A game that is repeated a number of times in future periods, influencing strategy and reputation considerations among participants.
Replacement Cost
The method of valuing assets and calculating depreciation allowances using the costs of replacing buildings and equipment.
Replacement Investment
The term replacement investment concerns the acquisition of new machinery and equipment to maintain output capacity lost through the deterioration or scrapping of existing equipment.
Replacement Ratio
The pension of a retired person as a proportion of income when in employment.
Representative Firm
A detailed look at the concept of a representative firm in economics, its underlying assumptions, and analytical frameworks.
Repressed Inflation
A situation in which price and wage increases are restrained by official controls.
Repudiation of Debt
Exploring the concept, history, and implications of debt repudiation in economics.
Reputational Policy
A policy dependent on the credibility and trustworthiness of policy-maker’s promises
Required Rate of Return
Definition and analysis of required rate of return as a critical concept in investment finance.
Resale Price Maintenance
The fixing by manufacturers of minimum prices at which their products may be resold by distributors.
Reschedule Debt
Definition and analysis of the concept of debt rescheduling and its implications in economics.
Research and Development (R&D)
An exploration of the term 'Research and Development (R&D)', focusing on its definition, historical context, major analytical frameworks, and case studies.
Reservation Policy
A policy in India that reserves a proportion of public jobs and education seats for disadvantaged or under-represented groups.
Reservation Price
Definition and meaning of the term 'reservation price' in economics
Reservation Utility
Definition and implications of the term Reservation Utility
Reservation Wage
The minimum wage a worker is willing to accept while engaging in job search activities.
Reserve Asset Ratio
A required minimum proportion between a bank’s reserve assets and its deposits and other liabilities.
Reserve Bank of India
An overview of the Reserve Bank of India, its roles, history, functions, and significance in the Indian economy.
Reserve Currency
A currency used as foreign exchange reserves by other countries.
Reserve Ratio
The proportion of the total assets of a bank held as reserves.
Reserve Requirements
An overview of reserve requirements as part of monetary policy and banking regulation.
Reserve Tranche
A key element in the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) lending mechanism representing the first quarter of a member's quota available under specific conditions.
Reserves
Understanding Reserves and Their Applications in Economics
RESET
An overview of the Ramsey regression equation specification error test (RESET) and its implications in econometrics.
Residual
An in-depth analysis of the term 'residual' in the context of economics and econometrics.
Residual Unemployment
Understanding residual unemployment, its components, and implications in economic contexts.
Residual Variation
Variation in the dependent variable not explained by the regression model, represented by the residuals of the regression
Resilience
A capacity of an economy, a community, or an individual to cope with economic losses caused by an extraordinary adverse shock.
Resolution Trust Corporation
Explanation of the US federal agency, Resolution Trust Corporation, set up to manage the resolution of bankrupt thrifts.
Resource Curse
An economic paradox where countries with abundant natural resources experience less economic growth and worse development outcomes.
Restraint of Trade
A term in a contract that restricts a person’s right to exercise a trade or carry on business.
Restricted Least Squares Estimator
An estimator method in econometrics used to minimize the sum of squared residuals subject to constraints for hypothesis testing.
Restrictive Practices
Practices affecting the ability of firms to compete freely in markets; may include customer discrimination, exclusive dealing, and market-sharing agreements.
Restrictive Practices Court
A UK court established under the Restrictive Trade Practices Acts to assess if restrictive trading agreements served the public interest; abolished in 1998.
Retail Banking
Overview of retail banking encompassing transactions with the general public and distinguishing it from wholesale banking.
Retail Price Index
This entry describes the Retail Price Index (RPI), focusing on its definition, historical context, and various economic frameworks used to analyze it.
Retail Sales
Understanding the concept of retail sales and its economic significance.
Retained Earnings
The part of company profits which is not paid out in taxes or dividends, but is reinvested back into the business.
Retaliation
A policy change made to punish another firm or country for its actions.
Retractable Bond
A comprehensive overview of retractable bonds, their function, importance, and implications in the context of various economic frameworks.
Return
An exploration into the multiple meanings and contexts of the term 'return' within economics.
Returns
An exploration of the term returns and its various forms in economics, including constant returns to scale, decreasing returns to scale, increasing returns to scale, and returns to scale.
Returns to Scale
Understanding the relationship between proportional changes in inputs and outputs in a productive process
Revaluation
A comprehensive overview of revaluation in economics, detailing its definition, historical development, and relevance within various economic frameworks.
Revealed Preference
Information about preferences revealed by economic choices.
Revealed Preference Pricing
A group of methods of obtaining a monetary value for non-marketable goods and services, including hedonic pricing, wage premia, and travel costs.
Revenue
Receipts from sales, encompassing total, average, and marginal revenue.
Revenue Tariff
A tariff mainly imposed as a source of government revenue instead of assisting domestic producers.
Reverse Takeover
A comprehensive study of the concept of reverse takeover, where a smaller or private company acquires a larger or public company.
Reverse Yield Gap
Understanding the reverse yield gap, where government bond returns exceed those on equities during certain economic conditions.
Revolving Loan
Understanding the concept and mechanisms of revolving loans in economics.
Reykjavik-on-Liffey
A derogatory label for Dublin coined during the economic crisis of 2008-2009.
Ricardian Equivalence
The argument that changes in government policy are offset by changes in individual behavior, maintaining economic equilibrium.
Ridge Regression
A method in regression analysis used to address multicollinearity issues by introducing a bias to the estimator, thereby reducing variance.
Right-Hand-Side Variable
Explanation of the term 'right-hand-side variable,' a term used in statistical regression analysis.
Rights Issue
An issue of new shares in a company which are first offered to existing shareholders in proportion to their present holdings.
Risk
A form of uncertainty where, while the actual outcome of an action is not known, probabilities can be assigned to each of the possible outcomes.
Risk Aversion
The preference for a certain pay-off rather than a risky pay-off with the same expected value in economic decision-making.
Risk Avoidance
Definition and Meaning of Risk Avoidance in Economics
Risk Bearing
The concept of being exposed to the consequences of uncertain future events in economic decision-making.
Risk Capital
Capital invested in new and untried projects with a significant chance of loss, typically associated with venture capital investment.
Risk Management
Elimination or mitigation of negative consequences of risk through identification, analysis, and strategic measures.
Risk Pooling
Combining two or more risky projects with uncorrelated returns to reduce overall risk dispersion. Crucial in insurance and investment portfolios.
Risk Premium
An in-depth look at risk premium, its definition, and applications in economics.
Risk Reduction
A strategy aimed at mitigating the damage resulting from or the likelihood of the occurrence of an unfavourable outcome of a risky activity.
Risk Retention
Acceptance of the favourable or unfavourable outcome of a risky activity
Risk Sharing
The distribution of risk among different economic agents to achieve optimal financial outcomes and mitigate individual exposure to losses.
Risk Taking
An in-depth exploration of risk taking in economics, including its definitions, historical context, and various analytical frameworks.
Risk Weighted Assets
The estimated value of assets of a bank adjusted for risk.
Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC)
Definition and concepts surrounding the method of evaluating investment returns in relation to risk.
Risk-Averse
Examination of the concept of being risk-averse, its definition, historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
Risk-Free Asset
An exploration of the concept of a risk-free asset, its significance in economic theory, and its practical implications.
Risk-Free Interest Rate
The rate of return on a risk-free asset, typically exemplified by short-term government debt instruments.
Risk-loving
An analysis of the concept of risk-loving individuals in economics.
Risk-Neutral
Exploring the concept of risk-neutrality in economics, highlighting its definitions, key frameworks, and applications.
Risk-Neutral Valuation
A method for valuing financial assets using risk-neutral probabilities and the risk-free rate of return.
Robustness of Policies
The property of economic policies that their merits are relatively insensitive to the exact specification of the underlying model of the economy
Roll-over of Loans
Understanding the concept of loan roll-overs, their occurrences, and implications in the financial sector.
Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
An overview of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), including its definition, historical context, applications, and relevance in various economic theories.
Rounding Error
Understanding Rounding Error in Economic Calculations and Models
Royal Economic Society
An economic association formed in the UK in 1890 promoting the study of economic science.
Royalties
Payments made to owners of natural resources, intellectual properties, or creative works under specified agreements.
RPIX
A retail price index excluding mortgage interest payments, contrasted with the UK's retail price index (RPI) which includes mortgage interest.
Rules of Origin
Rules applied in free-trade areas to determine whether goods qualify for duty-free admission.
Rules of the Game
A comprehensive overview of the historical and economic significance of the 'Rules of the Game' under the gold standard.
Rules-Based Policy
Explanation and implications of rules-based policy in economics.