Capital Transfers
An exploration of capital transfers: the movement of assets as bequests or gifts, mainly in the context of tax implications.
Capital Widening
A situation when the capital stock grows at the same rate as the labour force, so that the capital–labour ratio remains constant, while the aggregate output continues to grow.
Capital-Augmenting Technical Progress
capital-augmenting technical progress - See technical progress
Capital–Labour Ratio
The ratio of capital to labour employed in a process, a firm, or an industry.
Capital–Output Ratio
Exploration of the capital–output ratio, its definition, implications, and applications in economic analyses.
Capitalism
An overview of capitalism as an economic system characterized by private ownership and enterprise.
Capitalist
An overview of the term 'capitalist,' which refers to a person whose income comes from the ownership of capital.
Capitulation (in Financial Markets)
An in-depth look at capitulation in the stock market, its implications, and its underlying theories across various economic frameworks.
Carbon Footprint
The total volume of greenhouse gas emissions generated by the activities of an economic unit, measured over a given period, usually 12 months, in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
Carbon Leakage
An increase in global greenhouse gas emissions due to the relocation of businesses from countries with strict environmental policies to those with lenient policies.
Carbon Sequestration
Reduction of the amount of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere either by capturing them at source or by creating and improving carbon sinks.
Carbon Sink
A natural or artificial system that absorbs more carbon dioxide (CO2) from the environment than it releases, serving as a tool to combat global warming.
Carbon Tax
A tax on carbon dioxide emissions designed to correct an environmental negative externality.
Cardinal Utility
A comprehensive analysis of the concept of cardinal utility in economics, highlighting its distinctive features and significance compared to ordinal utility.
Career Average Scheme
Analysis and definition of a career average scheme as a form of defined benefit pension plan.
Carry Forward Losses
The right to deduct past losses from present profits in calculating liability to tax.
Carry Trade
A currency trading strategy aimed at profiting from the interest rate differential between two currencies.
Cartel
A formal or informal agreement among a number of firms in an industry to restrict competition.
Cascade Tax
Definition and comprehensive analysis of the term 'Cascade Tax'
Cash
The literal and extended meaning of cash in economics.
Cash Discount
Understanding Cash Discounts, their purpose and implications on economic transactions.
Cash Flow
Cash flow refers to the amount of cash received less the amount spent by a business or a household for a given accounting period.
Cash Limits
Limits set on overall expenditure in cash terms to enhance efficient use of government and business expenditures.
Cash Ratio
A key financial metric reflecting an entity's liquidity by comparing cash and cash equivalents to total liabilities.
Cashless Economy
An in-depth analysis of the concept of a cashless economy, its historical framework, definitions, practical applications, and implications in different economic schools of thought.
Catastrophic Loss
Understanding catastrophic loss and its impact in various contexts
Catch-up
Economic convergence in income per capita through knowledge and technology spillovers from developed to less developed countries.
Categorical Variable
A thorough exploration of the concept of a categorical variable in economics, including its definition, historical context, and analytical frameworks.
Causality
An exploration of causality, focusing on Granger causality within econometrics
Caveat Emptor
Explanation of the economic and legal principle of caveat emptor, meaning 'let the buyer beware'.
Cecchini Report
A report on the expected gains from the '1992' programme for unifying the European Community's internal market.
Ceiling
In trade cycle theory, the maximum level of aggregate real output the economy can attain during expansion, corresponding to full employment.
Ceiling Price
Exploring the concept and implications of ceiling prices in economics.
Censored Sample
Definition and meaning of censored sample in economics.
Census
An overview of the census, its meaning, and applications in economic and demographic studies.
Census of Production
A systematic survey of productive enterprises conducted by an official body to collect detailed industrial data.
Central Bank
A comprehensive explanation of what constitutes a central bank, its role, and its importance in monetary policy.
Central Bank Independence
A comprehensive overview of central bank independence, exploring its significance, historical context, definitions, major analytical frameworks, comparative analysis, and case studies in economics.
Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
The monetary authority responsible for Taiwan's financial stability, currency issuance, and foreign exchange management.
Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
An agreement to promote trade and investment in the Western Balkans through predictable rules and the elimination of trade barriers.
Central Government
Definition and meaning of the central government, its role, and structure in different political systems.
Central Limit Theorems
Understanding Central Limit Theorems in Economics and Statistics
Central Planning
An examination of central planning and its implications in economic systems.
Central Statistical Office
The UK government department responsible for publishing major UK statistical sources until its merger in 1996.
Certainty Equivalent
Economic concept representing the certain outcome that provides the same utility as the expected utility from a gamble.
Certificate of Origin
A document certifying that a good was produced in a given country, often required in free-trade areas to regulate duty-free entry.
Ceteris Paribus
Definition and meaning of the term 'ceteris paribus' in economics.
Chain Price Index
An in-depth exploration of the Chain Price Index and its relevance in economic analysis.
Chairman
The role and function of a chairman in economic organizations and corporations
Chancellor of the Exchequer
The UK's chief finance minister responsible for fiscal policy, budget presentation, and economic oversight.
Chaos Theory
An overview of Chaos Theory in Economics, covering its background, historical context, definitions, and major analytical frameworks, along with case studies and further reading.
Chapter 11 Bankruptcy
Understanding Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Law: Mechanisms and Implications
Chapters 12 and 13
Provisions of US bankruptcy law applicable to family farmers, fishermen, and private individuals aiming for reorganization under court supervision
Characteristics Theory
A theory of demand that views each good as a bundle of characteristics, explaining how changes in product specification and new product introduction affect demand.
Chartist
A trader in financial markets using patterns in market variable behavior to forecast movements.
Cheap Money
The maintenance of low interest rates intended to encourage investment, particularly during recessions.
Checking Account
A comprehensive analysis of the checking account, its definition, historical context, and relevance in economics.
Cheque
A written order by a customer to a bank to pay cash, or to transfer money on deposit to another account.
chi-square distribution
An in-depth look into the chi-square distribution, a continuous probability distribution important in numerous fields such as statistics, economics, and social sciences.
Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT)
An in-depth understanding of the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), a leading futures and options exchange.
Chicago Boys
A group of Chilean economists trained at the University of Chicago, known for their role in implementing free-market reforms in Chile.
Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)
Understanding the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and its role in futures trading.
Chicago School
Definition and exploration of the Chicago School of Economics and its principles
Chief Executive
The officer of a company or other organization responsible for implementing board decisions in day-to-day operations.
Child Benefit
A state payment towards the cost of maintaining children.
Child Tax Credit
A UK means-tested tax credit paid to eligible families with responsibility for one or more children aged under 16.
China Development Bank
A state-owned financial institution providing medium- and long-term financing for national infrastructure and priority government projects in China.
Chinese Economic Reform
A set of economic reforms aimed at transitioning China from a centrally planned economy to a market economy.
Chinese Walls
Concept and importance of Chinese walls in preventing conflicts of interest and insider trading in financial firms
Chlorofluorocarbons
Non-toxic chemicals that have been historically used in refrigeration and aerosols, known to deplete the ozone layer.
Choice of Technique
The decision-making process regarding the method of production when multiple methods are possible.
Chow Test
A statistical test used to determine whether the coefficients in two linear regressions on different data samples are equal.
Circular Flow of Income
A comprehensive examination of the concept of circular flow of income in economics, detailing its meaning, mechanisms, and implications.
CITES
An overview of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) and its impact on international trade and conservation.
Citizen Candidate
A model of representative government where any citizen can be a candidate for political office, illustrating how economic policies emerge from a political process.
City
An in-depth look at the City of London financial district and its significance in global finance
City Code
City Code - The City Code on Takeovers and Mergers, originated in 1968, ensures fair practices and equal information access in takeover and merger situations.
Claimant
A comprehensive exploration of the term claimant, particularly in the context of state benefits, its definitions, historical context, analytical frameworks, and practical applications.
Classical Dichotomy
An examination of the classical dichotomy in economic theory, exploring its fundamental meaning, historical development, and analytical frameworks.
Classical Economics
The economic analysis framework of the 18th and 19th centuries, associated with key economists including Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, and Adam Smith.
Classical Model
A model of the economy assuming price, wage, and interest rate flexibility with fully employed factors and output growth dependent on factor supply growth.
Classical Unemployment
Unemployment caused by wages being too high relative to productivity, leading to an inability of firms to profitably employ all available labor.
Clayton Act
An act of 1914 extending federal antitrust law in the United States.
Clean Air Act
A legislation setting standards for atmospheric pollution in the United States, requiring the EPA to establish air quality standards and emission control guidelines.
Clean Floating Exchange Rate
Definition and meaning of clean floating exchange rate and related concepts
Clean Technology
Definition and meaning of clean technology, its historical context, and related analytics frameworks.
Clearing
Definition and explanation of the clearing system in banking, including its processes and significance.
Clearing Bank
A clearing bank is a financial institution that is a member of the clearing-house and facilitates the clearing of cheques and other payments.
Clearing-house
An institution for offsetting interbank claims, minimizing fund transfers between banks.
Climate Change
A significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of meteorological elements, calculated for different periods but relating to the same area.
Cliometrics
The application of quantitative methods to the analysis of economic history
Close Company
Definition and Meaning of a Close Company
Closed Economy
An overview of the closed economy, an economic model characterized by a lack of external trade and capital flows.
Closed Shop
The requirement that all workers of certain grades in a business must belong to a recognized trade union.
Closed-Loop Equilibrium
An equilibrium concept in multi-stage games where players are informed about the previous strategy choices of opponents.
Closing Prices
Prices of stocks or commodities at the end of a day’s trading.
club
An institution formed to supply an excludable public good, characterized by its ability to exclude non-members, thereby allowing efficient provision of the good to its members.
Club of Rome
A global think tank focused on addressing global challenges through interdisciplinary approaches.
Cluster Analysis
Cluster analysis is a collection of methods used for grouping objects based on their similarities to explore data structures.
Clustering
The geographic concentration of firms in similar industries, facilitating mutual benefits and industry development.