Shake-out
The process of removing resources from some sector of the economy.
Shanghai Stock Exchange
A stock exchange founded in 1990 and based in Shanghai, providing a market for trade in equities, bonds, funds, and derivatives.
Shapley Value
A process for determining a fair allocation in a cooperative game, using the Shapley value concept.
Share
A comprehensive entry on the ownership units of a company, detailing types, rights, and regulations.
Share Buybacks
An explanation of share buybacks, including their purposes, benefits, and theoretical motivations.
Share Capital
The authorized or nominal value of a company’s shares as established in the memorandum of association.
Share Option
A comprehensive definition and exploration of 'Share Option,' its significance, historical context, and comparative analysis across various schools of economic thought.
Share Price
The price at which a share can be traded, including the offer price, bid price, and mid-market price.
Share Price Index
An index of the prices of shares of specific types in stock exchanges
Share Register
The register kept by a limited company recording the names and addresses of shareholders, and the type and number of shares held.
Sharecropper
Definition and meaning of the term 'sharecropper' in economics and its historical and analytical contexts.
Shareholder
A person or company holding shares in a company.
Shark Repellent
Contracts designed to make a company unattractive to potential takeover bidders
Shell Company
A company that exists legally and possibly has non-trading assets but does not engage in active trading.
Sheltered Monopoly
A monopoly protected from competition through legal restrictions or trade barriers.
Shenzhen Stock Exchange
A stock exchange in Shenzhen, China, serving as a platform for trading equities, bonds, mutual funds, and derivatives.
Sherman Act
An overview of the Sherman Act, the original US federal antitrust legislation.
Shift Work
Detailed analysis and context of shift work in economics and labor market.
Shoe-Leather Costs of Inflation
An analysis of the transactional costs associated with expected inflation, commonly referred to as shoe-leather costs.
Shogun Bond
A bond issued in Japan by a non-resident firm and denominated in a currency other than Japanese yen.
Shop Steward
A worker elected at shop-floor level to represent fellow workers in discussions with management.
Short Position
A detailed analysis of the concept of a short position in economics, particularly in the context of securities and futures markets.
Short Run
A timescale over which some economic variables relevant for decision-making cannot be changed.
Short Selling
Definition and meaning of short selling in financial and commodity markets
Short-Dated Security
A concise guide to understanding short-dated securities - financial instruments with maturities of under 5 years
Short-Run Capital Movements
Movements of capital between countries that can be quickly reversed, driven by various economic factors.
Short-Run Cost Curve
Definition and meaning of the short-run cost curve in economics.
Short-Run Marginal Cost
Understanding short-run marginal cost in economic production.
Short-Run Phillips Curve
A concept in macroeconomics highlighting the short-term trade-off between inflation and unemployment
Short-termism
An overview of short-termism in economic contexts, examining its implications and various theoretical frameworks.
Short-Time Working
Short-time working: reducing hours of work to minimize layoffs and maintain workforce attachment.
Shortage
Understanding Shortages in Economics: Causes, Implications, and Management
Shut-Down Price
A pivotal concept in economics representing a price point below which a firm opts to halt production due to excessive losses.
Shuttle Trade
Trade associated with travel, typically involving cross-border transactions by individual entrepreneurs or small firms.
Sickness Benefit
A benefit paid to workers temporarily unable to work because of illness.
Side-effects
Explanation of unintended results of policies in economics, known as side-effects.
Side-Payment in Economics
An examination of side-payment as a financial inducement within economic agreements.
Signalling
Actions undertaken primarily to convey information to prospective customers or employers, particularly in the context of asymmetric information.
Significance Level
A comprehensive overview of the significance level, concept, and its implications in hypothesis testing.
Significance Test
An overview of significance tests, their formulation, and application in the context of linear regression models.
Silicon Valley
Detailed entry on Silicon Valley, focusing on its economic significance, historical development, and role in technology specialization.
Simple Interest
The system by which repayment of a loan involves payment of the principal plus interest calculated using one period's interest, multiplied over the course of multiple periods.
Simulation
The use of quantitative models to represent the working of an economy and analyze the effects of changes in assumptions or policies.
Simultaneous Equations Model
An overview of Simultaneous Equations Model (SEM) used in econometrics for modeling relationships among multiple endogenous and exogenous variables.
Single Currency
An economic term referring to a currency used by two or more countries.
Single European Act
An amendment to the Treaty of Rome that reformed the European Community in 1986.
Single Market
A comprehensive guide explaining the concept of the single market, with a focus on the unified European market established in 1992.
Single-Peaked Preferences
An exploration into single-peaked preferences, their characteristics, and implications in economic theory.
Size Distribution of Firms
The measurement and analysis of firms of various sizes within an industry or economy
Skewness
A measure of the degree of asymmetry of the distribution of a random variable.
Skilled Work
Work requiring specialized knowledge, technical qualifications, or experience.
Skills
The ability to perform certain tasks satisfactorily which may involve physical dexterity, mental ability, or both.
Slack in Economics
Definition and meaning of slack in economics, and its relevance in various economic schools of thought.
Slump
An overview of the economic term 'slump,' its definitions, contexts, and related concepts
Slutsky Equation
An equation detailing how the effect on demand for a good due to a price change can be divided into substitution and income effects.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
Definition and significance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in economic contexts.
Smithsonian Agreement
An agreement reached in 1971 attempting to restore a Bretton Woods-style system of pegged exchange rates.
Smithsonian Parities
New parities for the world’s major currencies agreed at the Smithsonian conference in 1971 to replace the Bretton Woods system.
Smog
A comprehensive examination of smog, its causes, historical significance, and its classification as a negative externality.
Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
An act of 1930 that established a protectionist tariff regime in the United States.
Snake in the Tunnel
An agreement by a group of countries to closely manage exchange rates within a flexible rate system.
Social Benefit
A comprehensive overview of the term 'social benefit' in economics
Social Capital
An in-depth exploration of the term 'Social Capital' in economics
Social Chapter
A chapter of the Maastricht Treaty concerning social policies including employment protection and works councils.
Social Charges
An overview of social charges, encompassing their definition, historical context, and significance in various economic frameworks.
Social Choice
An examination of the economic concept of social choices, which are decisions made collectively by society.
Social Cost
Comprehensive overview of 'Social Cost,' its definitions, major frameworks, and analytical perspectives in economics.
Social Custom
An accepted, established, or expected pattern of behaviour in a society.
Social Indicators
A collection of statistical information about human welfare and the level of development of an economy.
Social Interaction
Examining the economic term 'social interaction' and its implications on preferences, constraints, and individual behaviors within reference groups.
Social Internal Rate of Return
Understanding the social internal rate of return, a discount rate that balances the net present social benefits and costs of a private activity, including externalities.
Social Market Economy
A term describing an economic system that blends market-based private ownership with significant government intervention in the form of public services and social security.
Social Opportunity Cost
Understanding the economic concept of social opportunity cost, addressing its definition, historical context, and major frameworks.
Social Optimum
The allocation that maximizes social welfare, chosen by a benevolent social planner within the constraints of resource endowment.
Social Overhead Capital
Understanding the concept of social overhead capital and its role in economics
Social Planner
A benevolent decision-maker who chooses economic policy either to maximize a social welfare function or to attain a Pareto efficient allocation.
Social Purpose Company
A for-profit corporate form that commits to a stated social or environmental purpose alongside profit.
Social Returns to Education
Externalities generated by the education of individuals that benefit society beyond individual wages.
Social Safety Net
A system designed to ensure individuals' incomes do not fall below a minimum level, including various benefits and services.
Social Security Act
Definition and implications of the 1935 Social Security Act, which established a federal system of social security in the United States.
Social Security Benefits
State payments aimed at ensuring minimum living standards for residents, commonly provided to those over retirement age, the disabled, and others unable to support themselves.
Social Security Contributions
Charges levied on individuals or their employers to pay for the costs of social security benefits.
Social Services
The parts of social security requiring individual contact rather than cash payments
Social Time Preference
The value that society places on present consumption relative to future consumption.
social welfare
A comprehensive overview of the term 'social welfare' in economics.
Social Welfare Function
The level of welfare in an economy or society expressed as a function of economic variables.
Socialism
An overview of socialism, its principles, historical implementation, and economic frameworks.
Socio-economic Class
The UK National Statistics classification that groups together people with similar social and economic status.
Soft Budget Constraint
A limit to spending by some public body where those supposed to be subject to it believe that the consequences of breaching it will not be serious.
Soft Currency
A comprehensive examination of the term 'soft currency,' its implications, and comparisons within economic frameworks.
Soft Landing
A successful stabilization programme that achieves price stability without causing a recession.
Soft Loan
An economic term referring to a loan with less onerous conditions than prevailing market rates, frequently used for financing projects in developing countries or to support economic and social development.
Sole Proprietor
An in-depth overview of the concept of a sole proprietor in economics.
Sole Trader
A comprehensive entry on 'sole trader,' also referred to as 'sole proprietor,' within the framework of economics.
Solow Growth Model
A comprehensive look at the Solow growth model, a fundamental concept in economics explaining economic growth through capital accumulation.
Solow residual
Understanding the Solow residual in economic growth accounting, its importance, and applications.
Solow Residual
Understanding the Solow residual in economic growth accounting, its importance, and applications.
Solvency
Possession of assets in excess of liabilities for individuals or firms, ensuring their ability to meet financial obligations.
Sound Money
Definition and meaning of sound money, preserving stable purchasing power through diligent monetary policy.
Sources of Capital
Understanding the various sources from which businesses obtain their capital, including owner savings, borrowing, equity, depreciation allowances, trade credit, and government financing.