Issue
The amount of shares or stock available, or the amount of banknotes in circulation.
Issued Capital
The portion of a firm's authorized capital that has been issued to shareholders.
J-Curve
A model illustrating the delayed effects of devaluation on a country's balance of trade.
J-test
A test of overidentifying restrictions in the generalized method of moments (GMM) model
Job
An exploration of the term 'job' in the context of economics, including its implications and relevance in labor markets.
Job Acceptance Schedule
The set of characteristics of jobs that workers engaged in job search are willing to accept.
Job Quits
Examination of the concept of job quits, including its definition and broader economic implications.
Job Search
Detailed entry discussing the job search process, its economics implications, and associated concepts.
Job Vacancy
A comprehensive exploration of the term 'job vacancy,' its definitions, and its significance in various economic contexts.
Jobber
Definition and explanation of the term 'jobber' in economic context.
Jobseeker’s Allowance
An unemployment benefit in the UK intended to encourage recipients to actively seek employment.
Johansen’s Approach
A comprehensive overview of Johansen's Approach in econometrics for estimating vector error correction models (VECM) with multiple cointegrating vectors.
Joint Costs
Definition and Meaning: Joint Costs
Joint Probability Distribution
Understanding Joint Probability Distribution in the Context of Multiple Random Variables
Joint Production
Understanding joint production where linked processes yield different outputs, often reducing costs and leveraging economies of scope.
Joint Profit Maximization
An overview of joint profit maximization within collusion contexts.
Joint Supply
The concept of joint supply explaining production conditions where multiple outputs are produced jointly.
Joint Venture
A business arrangement where risk capital is shared between two or more firms, often used for large or risky projects.
Joint-Stock Bank
A comprehensive overview of Joint-Stock Banks, their historical context, operational frameworks, and impacts within the economic landscape.
Joint-Stock Company
An economic term denoting a legal business arrangement where investors pool funds to undertake business activities.
Juglar Cycle
A medium-term business cycle, often linked to investment and credit dynamics, lasting roughly 7 to 11 years.
Junk Bonds
A comprehensive look at junk bonds, including their definitions, historical context, and significance within various economic frameworks.
Kalman Filter
A recursive algorithm for optimal estimation and prediction of state variables in a stochastic process.
Kennedy Round
A round of international trade talks held under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1964-1967.
Kernel in Econometrics
Understanding the role and application of kernels in econometric analysis
Kernel Regression
Non-parametric regression method using kernel functions to predict dependent variable values.
Keynes Plan
A set of proposals for international monetary institutions by John Maynard Keynes during the Bretton Woods negotiations in 1944.
Keynesian Economics
An economic theory focusing on the role of aggregate demand in influencing economic outcomes, developed by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s.
Keynesian Unemployment
An overview of Keynesian unemployment, its origins, concepts, and mitigating policies
Kinked Demand Curve
An in-depth look at the kinked demand curve, detailing its implications for pricing strategy and market behavior.
Kleptocracy
The term Kleptocracy refers to a government characterized by rampant corruption and embezzlement for the enrichment of its officials and elite.
Knock-on Effect
The idea that one action or event has secondary or indirect consequences in economics.
Know-How
Practical economic knowledge enabling firms to achieve results through technical know-how and organizational skills.
Know-How Fund
A UK government initiative providing technical assistance to Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union countries transitioning to market economies.
Knowledge Economy
An economy in which the production and management of knowledge is a significant component of total output.
Kondratieff Cycle
A hypothesized long wave (about 40-60 years) in economic activity, often linked to major technological shifts; evidence is debated.
Koyck transformation
A method used to transform an infinite geometric lag model into a finite model with a lagged dependent variable.
Kurtosis
A measure of the 'humpedness' of a probability distribution compared to a normal distribution.
Kuznets Curve
A curve depicting the change in inequality over time during the process of economic development.
Kyoto Protocol
An international agreement aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to control global warming.
Labour
Comprehensive exploration of labour within economic contexts, its role as a factor of production, and associated sub-concepts.
Labour Economics
The area of economics concerned with the supply and demand for labour, examining various factors influencing participation rates, wage bargaining, organized labour, and other workforce dynamics.
Labour Force
An overview of the labour force, its determining factors, and its implications.
Labour Force Survey
An overview of the Labour Force Survey, its historical background, major frameworks, and comparative analysis.
Labour Hoarding
Retention of excess workers by a business during a downturn in expectation of future output recovery.
Labour Intensity
Understanding the concept of labour intensity, its implications on productive processes, and comparative analytical frameworks.
Labour Market
Definition and meaning of the labour market in various economic contexts.
Labour Standards
An overview of the concept of labour standards including its meaning, historical context, and associated economic theories.
Labour Supply
The supply of work effort, influenced by economic, social, and policy factors.
Labour Theory of Value
A comprehensive examination of the Labour Theory of Value, its historical origins, major frameworks, and its significance in various branches of economics.
Labour Turnover
The inflow and outflow of labour employed by an enterprise.
Labour-Augmenting Technical Progress
Technical progress that increases the effective labour input in production functions.
Laffer Curve
A curve illustrating the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue.
Lag Operator
Definition and explanation of the lag operator in economics.
Lagrange Multiplier
A mathematical technique for solving constrained optimization problems in economics and other fields.
Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Test
Detailed definition and exploration of the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test in econometrics and statistical hypothesis testing.
Laissez-faire
A policy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, where market forces are allowed to operate freely.
Land
An in-depth look at the role and significance of land as a factor of production in economics
Landlord
The owner of land or buildings, entitled to use them or to charge others rent for their use.
Laspeyres Index
An economic measure used to calculate the price change in a specific basket of goods over time using a fixed base period.
Last-in, First-out (LIFO)
An accounting method for inventory management focusing on the order of stock withdrawal.
Latent Variable
A comprehensive overview of latent variables in economics, exploring their definition, applications, analytical frameworks, and related concepts.
Latin American Crisis
An overview of the Latin American foreign debt crisis of the 1980s, including its context, economic implications, and resolutions.
Law of Demand
The principle that states the level of demand for a good or service is inversely related to its price.
Law of Diminishing Returns
An overview of the law of diminishing returns and its implications in economic theory.
Law of Large Numbers
A statistical theorem stating that as the number of trials increases, the sample average will converge to the expected mean.
Law of One Price
An economic theory stating that the price of a given asset or good will have the same price when exchange rates are accounted for.
Layoffs
Permanent terminations or temporary suspensions by a firm of the employment of all or part of its workforce.
Leading Indicator
An economic time series which tends to rise or fall earlier than variables of interest.
Leads and Lags
The ability of traders to bring forward or defer the timing of transactions.
Leakages from the Circular Flow of Income
Definition and meaning of leakages from the circular flow of income within Keynesian economics.
Learning by Doing
The concept that productivity increases through practice and experience.
Learning Curve
Understanding the Learning Curve: its definition, historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
Lease
A contract granting the use of land or buildings for a specified period in exchange for rent.
Leasehold
The form of tenure of land or buildings by which the tenant has a lease.
Leasing
The practice of hiring items of equipment, rather than buying them outright
Least Developed Countries
An overview of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as designated by the United Nations.
Least Squares
A method of estimation in econometric models minimizing the sum of squared differences.
Least-Squares Growth Rate
An estimate of the growth rate of a variable obtained from the ordinary least squares regression of the natural logarithm of the variable on a constant and on a linear time trend.
Legal Tender
Forms of money which a creditor is legally obliged to accept in settlement of a debt.
Leisure
Time spent not working and regarded as a consumption good from which utility is derived in economic models.
Lemon
An unsatisfactory product where quality cannot reliably be checked before purchase.
Lender of Last Resort
The function of providing liquidity for the banking system at times of crisis by the central bank.
Leontief Paradox
Observation by Wassily Leontief that the US, despite being capital-rich, had exports that were more labor-intensive than its imports, contrary to the Heckscher-Ohlin model's predictions.
Lerner Index
Definition and meaning of the Lerner index, a measure of monopoly power in economics.
Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
An examination of Less Developed Countries (LDCs), including their classification, developmental indicators, and geographical distribution according to the United Nations.
Level of Significance
A detailed exploration of the level of significance in economics context
Leverage
The ratio of a company’s debt to its equity.
Leveraged Buy-Out
Buy-out of a firm largely financed by borrowing
Leveraging
Leveraging refers to using borrowed funds to finance an investment.
Liabilities
Liabilities constitute the obligations and debts of a firm, typically recorded on the debit side of a balance sheet.
Liability
Liability - The legal obligation to make some payment, encompassing various forms of monetary compensation depending on circumstances.
Liberal Trade Policy
Definition and explanation of liberal trade policy in economics
liberalization
A programme of changes in the direction of moving towards a free-market economy.
Liberalized Economies
Economies that have recently undergone liberalization, involving policy shifts towards market-oriented reforms.
Licence Raj
An overview of the Licence Raj system of regulations governing the private sector in India.
Licensing
An in-depth exploration of the concept of licensing in economics, its historical context, and various economic frameworks.
Life Assurance
Exploring Life Assurance: Definitions, Contexts, and Comparative Analysis
Life Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organization
Definition and comprehensive analysis of the Life Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organization (LAUTRO)