Labour
Comprehensive exploration of labour within economic contexts, its role as a factor of production, and associated sub-concepts.
Labour Economics
The area of economics concerned with the supply and demand for labour, examining various factors influencing participation rates, wage bargaining, organized labour, and other workforce dynamics.
Labour Force
An overview of the labour force, its determining factors, and its implications.
Labour Force Survey
An overview of the Labour Force Survey, its historical background, major frameworks, and comparative analysis.
Labour Hoarding
Retention of excess workers by a business during a downturn in expectation of future output recovery.
Labour Intensity
Understanding the concept of labour intensity, its implications on productive processes, and comparative analytical frameworks.
Labour Market
Definition and meaning of the labour market in various economic contexts.
Labour Standards
An overview of the concept of labour standards including its meaning, historical context, and associated economic theories.
Labour Supply
The supply of work effort, influenced by economic, social, and policy factors.
Labour Theory of Value
A comprehensive examination of the Labour Theory of Value, its historical origins, major frameworks, and its significance in various branches of economics.
Labour Turnover
The inflow and outflow of labour employed by an enterprise.
Labour-Augmenting Technical Progress
Technical progress that increases the effective labour input in production functions.
Laffer Curve
A curve illustrating the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue.
Lag Operator
Definition and explanation of the lag operator in economics.
Lagrange Multiplier
A mathematical technique for solving constrained optimization problems in economics and other fields.
Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Test
Detailed definition and exploration of the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test in econometrics and statistical hypothesis testing.
Laissez-faire
A policy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, where market forces are allowed to operate freely.
Land
An in-depth look at the role and significance of land as a factor of production in economics
Landlord
The owner of land or buildings, entitled to use them or to charge others rent for their use.
Laspeyres Index
An economic measure used to calculate the price change in a specific basket of goods over time using a fixed base period.
Last-in, First-out (LIFO)
An accounting method for inventory management focusing on the order of stock withdrawal.
Latent Variable
A comprehensive overview of latent variables in economics, exploring their definition, applications, analytical frameworks, and related concepts.
Latin American Crisis
An overview of the Latin American foreign debt crisis of the 1980s, including its context, economic implications, and resolutions.
Law of Demand
The principle that states the level of demand for a good or service is inversely related to its price.
Law of Diminishing Returns
An overview of the law of diminishing returns and its implications in economic theory.
Law of Large Numbers
A statistical theorem stating that as the number of trials increases, the sample average will converge to the expected mean.
Law of One Price
An economic theory stating that the price of a given asset or good will have the same price when exchange rates are accounted for.
Layoffs
Permanent terminations or temporary suspensions by a firm of the employment of all or part of its workforce.
Leading Indicator
An economic time series which tends to rise or fall earlier than variables of interest.
Leads and Lags
The ability of traders to bring forward or defer the timing of transactions.
Leakages from the Circular Flow of Income
Definition and meaning of leakages from the circular flow of income within Keynesian economics.
Learning by Doing
The concept that productivity increases through practice and experience.
Learning Curve
Understanding the Learning Curve: its definition, historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
Lease
A contract granting the use of land or buildings for a specified period in exchange for rent.
Leasehold
The form of tenure of land or buildings by which the tenant has a lease.
Leasing
The practice of hiring items of equipment, rather than buying them outright
Least Developed Countries
An overview of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as designated by the United Nations.
Least Squares
A method of estimation in econometric models minimizing the sum of squared differences.
Least-Squares Growth Rate
An estimate of the growth rate of a variable obtained from the ordinary least squares regression of the natural logarithm of the variable on a constant and on a linear time trend.
Legal Tender
Forms of money which a creditor is legally obliged to accept in settlement of a debt.
Leisure
Time spent not working and regarded as a consumption good from which utility is derived in economic models.
Lemon
An unsatisfactory product where quality cannot reliably be checked before purchase.
Lender of Last Resort
The function of providing liquidity for the banking system at times of crisis by the central bank.
Leontief Paradox
Observation by Wassily Leontief that the US, despite being capital-rich, had exports that were more labor-intensive than its imports, contrary to the Heckscher-Ohlin model's predictions.
Lerner Index
Definition and meaning of the Lerner index, a measure of monopoly power in economics.
Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
An examination of Less Developed Countries (LDCs), including their classification, developmental indicators, and geographical distribution according to the United Nations.
Level of Significance
A detailed exploration of the level of significance in economics context
Leverage
The ratio of a company’s debt to its equity.
Leveraged Buy-Out
Buy-out of a firm largely financed by borrowing
Leveraging
Leveraging refers to using borrowed funds to finance an investment.
Liabilities
Liabilities constitute the obligations and debts of a firm, typically recorded on the debit side of a balance sheet.
Liability
Liability - The legal obligation to make some payment, encompassing various forms of monetary compensation depending on circumstances.
Liberal Trade Policy
Definition and explanation of liberal trade policy in economics
liberalization
A programme of changes in the direction of moving towards a free-market economy.
Liberalized Economies
Economies that have recently undergone liberalization, involving policy shifts towards market-oriented reforms.
Licence Raj
An overview of the Licence Raj system of regulations governing the private sector in India.
Licensing
An in-depth exploration of the concept of licensing in economics, its historical context, and various economic frameworks.
Life Assurance
Exploring Life Assurance: Definitions, Contexts, and Comparative Analysis
Life Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organization
Definition and comprehensive analysis of the Life Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organization (LAUTRO)
Life Cycle
The lifetime pattern of income and consumption, illustrating how financial behaviors evolve from youth through retirement.
Life Insurance
A comprehensive look at life insurance, its definition, historical context, various economic frameworks, and its applications.
Likelihood Function
A comprehensive overview of the likelihood function in economics and statistics, detailing its interpretation, application, and significance.
Likelihood Ratio Test
A statistical test for evaluating restrictions on parameters in maximum likelihood estimation
Limit Pricing
A strategy wherein an incumbent firm sets a price low enough to deter new firms from entering the market.
Limited Company
Exploration of the term 'limited company' within the context of economics, including its definition, historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
Limited Dependent Variable
A dependent variable that takes values only from a restricted set.
Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML) Estimation
An overview of Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML) estimation used in linear simultaneous equations models.
Limited Liability
The system by which shareholders in a company are not liable for its debts beyond the nominal value of their shares.
Lindahl Equilibrium
A method for determining the optimal provision and cost allocation of public goods among consumers, aiming to achieve Pareto efficiency. This equilibrium assesses individual demand given the shared cost across the population.
Linear Approximation
Approximation of an arbitrary function by a linear function, often used to simplify complex economic models.
Linear Probability Model
An overview of the linear probability model used in econometrics and its applications, strengths, and limitations.
Linear Programming
A mathematical procedure for finding the maximum or minimum value of a linear objective function subject to linear constraints.
Linear Regression
A detailed exploration of linear regression, its methodologies, and its application in econometrics.
Liquid Assets
A discussion on liquid assets, their characteristics, relevant economic theories, and practical implications.
Liquidation
The process of closing down a business and disposing of its assets to pay off debts.
Liquidity
The property of assets, of being easily turned into money rapidly and at a fairly predictable price.
Liquidity Constraint
An arbitrary limit on the amount that an individual or a firm can borrow.
Liquidity Preference
An exploration of liquidity preference, the tendency to favor assets that can easily be converted into cash, and its implications in different economic frameworks.
Liquidity Ratio
The proportion between a bank or other financial institution’s holdings of liquid assets and its total liabilities.
Liquidity Risk
The risk arising from the possibility that there will be no active market for the assets held by an economic agent.
Liquidity Trap
A situation in which real interest rates cannot be reduced by any action of the monetary authorities.
Lisbon Agreement
An international agreement between the EU countries that amends the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Rome, comprising the constitutional basis of the EU.
Lishu
The affiliation of a firm in China with various levels of government.
Listing
Listing Agreement by a stock exchange to allow a company’s shares to be traded.
Living Costs and Food Survey
A comprehensive survey of household expenditures and cost of living in the UK.
Lloyd’s
An in-depth look into Lloyd’s, a prominent London-based insurance market known for its global operations by individual investors or 'names' and its recent inclusion of company memberships.
LM Curve
An introduction to the LM curve, a Keynesian economics concept representing money market equilibrium
Loan
Understanding loans, their types, and implications in economics
Loan Portfolio
The collection of loans held as assets by a financial institution, designed to spread risk and maintain profitability.
Loan-Loss Reserve
A reserve fund held by a financial institution to cover potential bad debts from loans.
Loanable Funds
Theory of interest rate determination by the demand and supply of loanable funds.
Loans-to-Deposit Ratio
A measure that represents the total value of a bank’s loans as a percentage of the total value of its deposits, often used as an indicator of liquidity.
Lobbying
Activities devoted to informing politicians of the views of various interest groups, and persuading them to draft legislation or to vote in accordance with these views
Local Authority Housing
State-financed housing for rent, provided in the UK through local authorities.
Local Content
A comprehensive look at the concept of local content in economics, its implications, and applications in trade and investment policies.
Local Government
An exploration of the structure, function, and characteristics of local government entities.
Local Public Good
A comprehensive overview of the economic concept 'local public good' within the context of various economic frameworks.
Location
The geographical position of a firm’s premises or the marketing position of its product.
Location-Scale Family
An exploration of the Location-Scale family of distributions in economics and statistics
Location-Scale Family of Distributions
Definition and meaning of the location-scale family of distributions, exploring its foundational concepts and applications in various economic frameworks.