Identification Problem
Exploring the identification problem in economics, its implications, and resolution methods.
Idiosyncratic Risk
Understanding the variability of asset returns due to factors independent of market movements.
Idiosyncratic Risk
Understanding the variability of asset returns due to factors independent of market movements.
If and Only If (IFF)
Explanation of the logical equivalence between two statements denoted as 'If and Only If' (IFF)
Illiquidity
The property of an asset that is not easily converted into cash without a significant price discount.
Immigration
An overview of immigration as it pertains to movement of foreign nationals for the purpose of residency
Immiserizing Growth
Growth of national or regional production which actually decreases welfare.
Immobile Factors
An examination of factors immobile within the realm of economics, their causes, and implications.
Impact Effect
Immediate or short-term effect of an economic event before secondary adjustments.
Imperfect Competition
A market situation in which some participants have the ability to influence prices.
Implicit Contract
An understanding between parties on acceptable forms of behaviour that is not part of any formal agreement.
Implicit Cost
Exploring the concept of implicit costs in economics, its definition and significance.
Implied Volatility
A term used in the options market to denote the volatility of the underlying security suggested by the market price of an option contract.
Import Control
Administrative restriction and allocation of imports.
Import Deposit
A requirement to place a blocked deposit in advance with the central bank as the condition for obtaining foreign currency to pay for imports.
Import Duties Act
The UK Act of Parliament passed in 1932, which imposed a 10 per cent tariff on most items from non-Commonwealth countries, marking the end of the free trade era.
Import Duty
Detailed explanation of Import Duty and its implications in economics
Import Levy
An economic term referring to a tax or duty imposed on imported goods, often used interchangeably with tariff.
Import Licence
A government-issued permit required for the importation of specified goods.
Import Penetration
Understanding the term 'Import Penetration' and its relevance in Economics
Import Propensity
An exploration of the proportion of national income spent on imports.
Import Quota
A quantitative limit to imports of certain goods, often implemented to protect domestic industries.
Import Restriction
An overview of import restrictions and their economic implications
Import Substitution
A strategy for the industrialization of less developed countries (LDCs), focusing on replacing imports with domestically produced substitutes.
Import Surcharge
A temporary additional tax on imports imposed to address balance-of-payments problems.
Import Tariff
A detailed look at import tariffs, their definition, meaning, and economic implications.
Importables
Goods of types which could be imported, whether or not they actually are.
Imported Inflation
Examining the phenomenon of imported inflation and its impact on domestic price levels.
Imports
An exploration of the concept of imports, including visible and invisible imports and their economic significance.
Impure Public Good
Understanding the characteristics and economic implications of impure public goods.
Imputation System
A system of corporation tax used in the UK from 1972 until 1999.
Imputed Charge for Consumption of Non-Trading Capital
An estimate of capital consumption in respect of government assets such as offices, schools, or hospitals which are not run as profit-making businesses.
Imputed Income
An explanation of the economic concept of imputed income, where value is attributed to non-cash benefits from the use of owned assets.
Imputed Social Contributions
Definition and meaning of imputed social contributions within the field of economics
In-Kind Redistribution
Redistribution that takes the form of goods or services rather than cash to ensure consumption of intended items.
Incentive Compatibility
A mechanism is incentive compatible if it provides an incentive for economic agents to truthfully reveal private information.
Incentive Contract
A contract that incorporates incentives designed to induce desired behaviour.
Incentives
Explanation of incentives as economic tools used to influence actions of economic agents through rewards or penalties.
Incidence of Taxation
The distribution of the burden of taxation between different economic agents and its impact on welfare
Income
A comprehensive definition and exploration of the term 'income,' its various types, and implications for individuals with and without financial assets.
Income Approach to GDP
An exploration of the method used to calculate GDP by summing up earnings.
Income Distribution
The division of total income among different recipients.
Income Effect
The change in demand for a good whose price has altered which would have resulted if prices had stayed the same, but incomes had risen or fallen sufficiently to bring the consumer to the same level of welfare as after the price change.
Income Elasticity of Demand
An in-depth look at the definition and significance of income elasticity of demand in economics.
Income Expansion Path
A comprehensive overview of the income expansion path and its implications in economic analysis.
Income from Employment
Income earned working for another person, firm, or government body. Can be measured including or excluding benefits in kind or net of deductions.
Income from Self-Employment
Income derived by individuals from unincorporated businesses, combining wages and returns on capital.
Income Inequality
Comprehensive definition and explanation of income inequality in various economic contexts.
Income Maintenance Programme
A programme of economic assistance designed to raise the welfare levels of low-income families.
Income Method
Measurement approach of domestic product by calculating factor incomes received.
Income Redistribution
An overview of income redistribution, including methods, aims, and implications in economic systems.
Income Support
An overview of government payments aimed at maintaining individuals’ incomes at a prescribed minimum level.
Income Tax
A tax on labor and capital income used to fund government spending and shape distribution outcomes.
Income Velocity of Circulation
Understanding the income velocity of circulation in the context of economic theory
Incomplete Contract
A comprehensive overview and analysis of the concept of incomplete contract in economics.
Incomplete Information
An overview and analysis of incomplete information in economics.
Incomplete Markets
Situations where certain goods or services cannot be traded because there is no organized market on which to trade.
Increase in the Book Value of Stocks and Work in Progress
An accounting measure of inventory and work-in-progress changes; in national accounts it relates to change in inventories within investment.
Increasing Returns to Scale
An exploration of increasing returns to scale, defining the concept, its implications, and its role in various economic frameworks.
Incumbent Firm
An outline explaining the term 'incumbent firm' and its implications in economics, particularly within the context of market dynamics and competitive advantages.
Independent Risks
Understanding the concept of independent risks in economics, where the outcomes of individual projects do not influence each other.
Independent Taxation of Spouses
A system of personal taxation in which individuals are taxed separately on their income and capital gains, regardless of marital status and spouse income.
Index Number
Understanding index numbers as indicators showing the relative size of variables based on a chosen base value, typically representing averages or aggregates across sectors.
Index of Industrial Production
An index measuring the volume of production in the industrial sectors of the economy, excluding private and public services.
index-linked
An economic variable whose value is tied to an index number, commonly used to adjust interest, wages, or pensions to shield against inflation.
Indexation
A comprehensive overview of indexation, detailing its conceptual framework, historical background, and its application within various economic schools.
Indexing (Passive Investing)
An investment approach that aims to match a market index rather than beat it, typically using low-cost, diversified portfolios.
Indicative Planning
A hybrid economic planning approach that seeks to blend decentralization with central planning by shaping expectations and influencing investment behaviors.
Indicator
A variable used to determine the employment of policy instruments in economics.
Indifference Curve
A graphical representation of the set of commodity bundles that are ranked as equally good by a consumer.
Indirect Investment
An exploration of the concept of indirect investment, its mechanisms, and implications in financial markets.
Indirect Least Squares
A method for estimating the structural parameters of a simultaneous equations model by using ordinary least squares on the reduced form.
Indirect Tax
A Tax collected by an intermediary from the economic agent who bears the formal incidence of the tax.
Indirect Utility Function
The maximum utility level a consumer can achieve expressed as a function of prices and income.
Indirect Utility Function
The concept and application of the indirect utility function in Economics
Individual Retirement Account
Understand the concept and nuances of Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs), a key retirement saving tool in the US providing tax advantages.
Individual Savings Account (ISA)
An Individual Savings Account (ISA) is a financial scheme in the UK that allows individuals to save money without paying income tax or capital gains tax.
Indivisibility
Understanding the concept of indivisibility in economics, especially in production processes.
Induced Investment
Investment in response to changes in output, typically examined at a macroeconomic level.
Industrial Action
An in-depth exploration of industrial action, tactics used by both workers and employers during industrial disputes.
Industrial Concentration
An in-depth look at the concept of industrial concentration in economics.
Industrial Democracy
An exploration of industrial democracy, a principle that allows workers to have a say in the management of the firm they work for.
Industrial Dispute
A disagreement between employees and employers concerning pay, hours of work, working conditions, manning levels, or job security.
Industrial Economics
The field of economics devoted to the study of decision-making by firms and the interaction between firms in the marketplace.
Industrial Espionage
The illicit acquisition of information by one business about the activities of another, including methods such as theft, phone tapping, and hacking.
Industrial Licensing
A comprehensive overview of industrial licensing in economics.
Industrial Organization
An exploration of the field of industrial organization, which studies market structure and strategic behavior of firms.
Industrial Policy
Official policies concerning the direction of economic activity to particular parts of the economy.
Industrial Relations
The relations between the management and workforce of an enterprise, particularly bargaining through trade unions concerning various aspects of employment.
Industrial Sector
A comprehensive overview of the industrial sector, its definition, and its role within the economy.
Industrialization
The process of moving resources into the industrial sector, vital in early economic development stages.
Industry
An overview of the term 'industry' in economics, its background, historical context, and major analytical frameworks.
Industry Demand for Labour
An exploration of the concept of industry demand for labour, its determinants, and its economic implications.
Industry Supply Curve
An analysis and explanation of the industry supply curve in economics.
Inefficiency
Not obtaining the maximum benefit from the use of resources in economics, leading to costly outcomes.
Inelastic
Understanding Inelasticity in Economics
Inelastic Demand
An examination of the economic term 'Inelastic Demand,' its definition, implications, and relevancy in different economic frameworks.
Inelastic Supply
An exploration of inelastic supply, its definition, meaning, and implications within different economic frameworks.
Inequality
An examination of economic inequality, its measurement, and its impact on economies and societies.
Infant Industry
A new industry which during its early stages is unable to compete with established producers abroad, often supported by government policies.