Economic Growth
A sustained increase in real output, usually measured by real GDP (often per capita) over time.
G10 - Group of Ten
An overarching body encompassing ten of the world's most influential economies.
G7 (Group of Seven)
An examination of the G7 (Group of Seven) in economic terms and context
G8
An in-depth exploration of G8 (Group of Eight) in economics, including its historical context, major frameworks, and comparative analysis.
Gains from Trade
The improvement in welfare resulting from countries trading with one another as opposed to a position of autarchy.
Gambling
Definition and in-depth analysis of the term 'gambling' in economics
Game Theory
The analysis of strategic situations where one agent's actions affect another's pay-off, providing a formal model for strategic interaction.
Gamma Distribution
A continuous distribution with a density function often used in statistics and applied sciences.
Gamma Stocks
Shares of relatively small companies, traded infrequently on the London Stock Exchange
Gauss–Markov Theorem
A comprehensive overview of the Gauss–Markov Theorem, emphasizing its statistical and econometric significance.
Gaussian Process
Stationary normally distributed stochastic process.
Gazumping
Reneging by the seller of a property on an agreement to sell due to a higher offer by an alternative buyer.
Gazundering
The practice where a purchaser lowers their initial offer on a property just before the sale completes.
GDP Deflator
An in-depth look at the GDP deflator, a price index used to assess real changes in gross domestic product.
Gearing
The ratio of a company’s debt to its equity.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
An overview of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), an agency of the United Nations aimed at promoting international trade.
General Agreement on Trade in Services
An international agreement on trade in services achieved in 1994 as part of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations.
General Agreement to Borrow
An agreement made in 1962 by the Group of Ten countries to extend international credit via the International Monetary Fund.
General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR)
A comprehensive rule aimed at preventing abusive tax avoidance through tax code provisions.
General Equilibrium
The state in which multiple markets in an economy are simultaneously in equilibrium.
General Equilibrium
The state in which multiple markets in an economy are simultaneously in equilibrium.
General Government
The whole of the government sector, including central, local, and intermediate levels of government.
General Government Final Consumption
The spending of general government on real goods and services, excluding investment.
General Household Survey
An overview and definition of the General Household Survey as it applies in economics.
General Human Capital
An exploration of the concept of general human capital in economics
General Lifestyle Survey
An in-depth overview of the General Lifestyle Survey (GLF), its history, components, and significance in UK socio-economic data collection.
General Linear Hypothesis
A set of linear equality restrictions on the coefficients of a linear regression model.
General Linear Model
An in-depth exploration of the General Linear Model (GLM) in economics and statistics.
Generalized Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP)
An examination of the Generalized Axiom of Revealed Preference as a fundamental principle in consumer choice theory.
Generalized Least Squares (GLS) Estimator
A comprehensive overview of the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimator, its historical context, major analytical frameworks, and related terms.
Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) Estimator
An econometric estimator that fits parameters by matching model-implied moments to sample moments.
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
A comprehensive overview of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in economics, its historical context, definitions, major frameworks, comparative analysis and further studies.
Geometric Distribution
A detailed examination of the geometric distribution in the field of economics and probability
Geometric Lag Model
An infinite lag model where coefficients on lagged variables decline geometrically, often used in modeling adaptive expectations.
Geometric Mean
The geometric mean is a measure of central tendency calculated as the nth root of the product of n numbers.
German Economic and Monetary Union
The process of economic and monetary integration of East and West Germany during reunification in 1990.
Geysha Bond
A term used in reference to Shogun bonds, which are foreign bonds issued in Japan.
Giffen Good
An analysis of Giffen goods where an increase in price leads to an increase in quantity demanded due to the income effect outweighing the substitution effect.
Gift Tax
A tax imposed on gifts transferred between living individuals, as opposed to transfers of wealth by inheritance.
Gilt-edged security
An in-depth look at gilt-edged securities, which are fixed-interest securities issued by the UK government.
Gini Coefficient
definition and discussion of the Gini coefficient, its calculation methodologies, and its implications in economic analysis
Gini Coefficient
definition and discussion of the Gini coefficient, its calculation methodologies, and its implications in economic analysis
Ginnie Mae
Informative dictionary entry for understanding Ginnie Mae, also known as the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA)
Giro
A comprehensive definition and understanding of the Giro system and its use in economic transactions.
Glass–Steagall Act
A comprehensive examination of the Glass–Steagall Act, its historical context, frameworks and implications in the field of economics.
Glejser Test
A statistical test for heteroscedasticity in regression models, checking if the size of random errors increases proportionally to changes in exogenous variables.
Global Commons
Natural assets that are outside national jurisdiction such as the oceans, ozone layer, and the Antarctic. Informally, the term is used to refer to a wide variety of environmental resources.
Global Financial Stability Report
A semiannual assessment of global financial markets produced by the International Monetary Fund.
Global Public Good
A global public good is a public good that provides non-excludable and non-rival benefits on a worldwide scale.
Global Warming
An increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans, and its economic impacts
Globalization
A comprehensive overview of the term 'globalization' within the context of economics, detailing its meanings, impacts, and the associated economic theories and frameworks.
Glut
A situation characterized by an unusually large supply of a good, likely leading to a significant price reduction.
Gold
Understanding the economic significance and multifaceted role of gold.
Gold and Foreign Exchange Reserves
An exploration of gold and foreign exchange reserves, including their definitions, historical context, and significance in modern economics.
gold exchange standard
Definition and meaning of the gold exchange standard, its evolution, and comparative analysis with the gold standard.
Gold Parity
The official par value in terms of gold of the currency of a country on the gold standard
Gold Points
The values of exchange rates under the gold standard at which it became profitable to ship gold from one country to another.
Gold Standard
A comprehensive overview of the gold standard, its history, conceptual framework, and analytical implications in economics.
Golden Handshake
A provision in an executive's contract giving entitlement to a large bonus on leaving a firm's employment.
Golden Rule
A conceptual framework in economic theory for the relationship between the capital–labour ratio and population growth rate aimed at maximizing consumption per capita.
Goldfeld–Quandt Test
A heteroscedasticity test that compares residual variances across two subsamples ordered by a variable.
Goodhart’s Law
The observation by economist C. Goodhart that when a metric is used as a target for policy, it ceases to be a good measure.
Goodness of Fit Measures
Measures of adequacy of the estimated regression model, such as the coefficient of determination and the information criterion.
Goods
Concepts and Definitions of Goods in Economics
Goodwill
An exploration of goodwill, its definition, contextual implications, and importance in business and economics.
Gosplan
The central planning agency of the former Soviet Union responsible for creating and auditing economic plans.
Government
A comprehensive overview and analysis of the term 'government,' encompassing various forms and levels within different economic contexts.
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
An independent, non-partisan U.S. agency responsible to Congress for ensuring that funds voted by Congress are spent as prescribed by law.
Government Debt
An in-depth examination of government debt, its definitions, implications, and analytical frameworks.
government expenditure
An overview of government expenditure, its components, and analytical frameworks
Government Failure
Government failure occurs when government intervention in the economy either does not lead to a Pareto efficient outcome or worsens the situation.
Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA)
An overview of the Government National Mortgage Association, commonly known as 'Ginnie Mae', its operations, and relevance in U.S. housing finance.
Government Production
Understanding the concept of government production in economics and its significance within the national income.
Government Regulation
An examination of government regulation, its definition, application, and impacts within economics.
Government Spending on Real Goods and Services
An in-depth analysis of government spending on real goods and services, its implications, and related economic theories.
Government Transfer Payments
An exploration of government transfer payments: their definitions, framework, and impacts
Gradualism
Gradualism: The belief that it is preferable to make a series of small changes in economic policy rather than a single large change.
Gradualist Monetarism
An economic policy approach focused on gradually stabilizing inflation by moderating the growth rate of the money supply.
Gramm–Rudman–Hollings
Detailed analysis and implications of the US Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, also known as Gramm–Rudman–Hollings.
Granger Causality
Understanding the concept of Granger causality and its implications in econometrics and forecasting.
Granny Bond
A security with state guarantees suited for savers with small total wealth and limited financial sophistication.
Grant in Aid
A US federal grant provided to state or local governments to support public services, particularly in poorer states or during times of economic depression.
Gravity Model
Theory explaining contact between different locations using an inverse square law, applied in contexts such as consumer behavior and international trade.
Great Depression
A detailed exploration of the Great Depression, its causes, impacts, and implications across different economic theories.
Great Leap Forward
An economic and social plan aimed at rapidly transforming mainland China from an agricultural economy into an industrialized communist society.
Green GDP
A measure of gross domestic product (GDP) that takes into account degradation of the environment.
Green Issues
Policy issues arising from concerns about the environment and the impacts of economic activity on ecological systems.
Green Paper
A UK government publication intended to stimulate public discussion on an issue without necessarily committing the government to legislation.
Green Pound
A notional unit of currency introduced as part of the European Community’s Common Agricultural Policy to stabilize farm product prices amid fluctuating exchange rates.
Green Revolution
Large improvements in agricultural productivity in less developed countries due to improved plant varieties and widespread use of fertilizers and pesticides.
Green Sleeves Worker
A worker in an environmentally friendly or sustainable industry.
Green Taxes
Exploring Green Taxes: Fiscal policies aimed at mitigating environmental impact through taxation.
Greenfield Development
Exploring the concept of greenfield development in economics and its implications for industrial and structural growth.
Greenhouse Gases
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere; economically, emissions create a global negative externality through climate damages.
Gresham’s Law
The observation that ‘bad money drives out good’.
Gross
An indication that something which could be subtracted has not been.
Gross Domestic Capital Formation
A comprehensive exploration of Gross Domestic Capital Formation, its definitions, methodologies, and relevance in economics.
Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation
The component of domestic gross investment that includes durable goods, excluding stocks and work in progress.
Gross Domestic Product
An overview of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), detailing its definition, historical context, and various analytical frameworks.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period.