Characteristics Theory
A theory of demand that views each good as a bundle of characteristics, explaining how changes in product specification and new product introduction affect demand.
Chartist
A trader in financial markets using patterns in market variable behavior to forecast movements.
Cheap Money
The maintenance of low interest rates intended to encourage investment, particularly during recessions.
Checking Account
A comprehensive analysis of the checking account, its definition, historical context, and relevance in economics.
Cheque
A written order by a customer to a bank to pay cash, or to transfer money on deposit to another account.
chi-square distribution
An in-depth look into the chi-square distribution, a continuous probability distribution important in numerous fields such as statistics, economics, and social sciences.
Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT)
An in-depth understanding of the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), a leading futures and options exchange.
Chicago Boys
A group of Chilean economists trained at the University of Chicago, known for their role in implementing free-market reforms in Chile.
Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)
Understanding the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and its role in futures trading.
Chicago School
Definition and exploration of the Chicago School of Economics and its principles
Chief Executive
The officer of a company or other organization responsible for implementing board decisions in day-to-day operations.
Child Benefit
A state payment towards the cost of maintaining children.
Child Tax Credit
A UK means-tested tax credit paid to eligible families with responsibility for one or more children aged under 16.
China Development Bank
A state-owned financial institution providing medium- and long-term financing for national infrastructure and priority government projects in China.
Chinese Economic Reform
A set of economic reforms aimed at transitioning China from a centrally planned economy to a market economy.
Chinese Walls
Concept and importance of Chinese walls in preventing conflicts of interest and insider trading in financial firms
Chlorofluorocarbons
Non-toxic chemicals that have been historically used in refrigeration and aerosols, known to deplete the ozone layer.
Choice of Technique
The decision-making process regarding the method of production when multiple methods are possible.
Chow Test
A statistical test used to determine whether the coefficients in two linear regressions on different data samples are equal.
Circular Flow of Income
A comprehensive examination of the concept of circular flow of income in economics, detailing its meaning, mechanisms, and implications.
CITES
An overview of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) and its impact on international trade and conservation.
Citizen Candidate
A model of representative government where any citizen can be a candidate for political office, illustrating how economic policies emerge from a political process.
City
An in-depth look at the City of London financial district and its significance in global finance
City Code
City Code - The City Code on Takeovers and Mergers, originated in 1968, ensures fair practices and equal information access in takeover and merger situations.
Claimant
A comprehensive exploration of the term claimant, particularly in the context of state benefits, its definitions, historical context, analytical frameworks, and practical applications.
Classical Dichotomy
An examination of the classical dichotomy in economic theory, exploring its fundamental meaning, historical development, and analytical frameworks.
Classical Economics
The economic analysis framework of the 18th and 19th centuries, associated with key economists including Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, and Adam Smith.
Classical Model
A model of the economy assuming price, wage, and interest rate flexibility with fully employed factors and output growth dependent on factor supply growth.
Classical Unemployment
Unemployment caused by wages being too high relative to productivity, leading to an inability of firms to profitably employ all available labor.
Clayton Act
An act of 1914 extending federal antitrust law in the United States.
Clean Air Act
A legislation setting standards for atmospheric pollution in the United States, requiring the EPA to establish air quality standards and emission control guidelines.
Clean Floating Exchange Rate
Definition and meaning of clean floating exchange rate and related concepts
Clean Technology
Definition and meaning of clean technology, its historical context, and related analytics frameworks.
Clearing
Definition and explanation of the clearing system in banking, including its processes and significance.
Clearing Bank
A clearing bank is a financial institution that is a member of the clearing-house and facilitates the clearing of cheques and other payments.
Clearing-house
An institution for offsetting interbank claims, minimizing fund transfers between banks.
Climate Change
A significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of meteorological elements, calculated for different periods but relating to the same area.
Cliometrics
The application of quantitative methods to the analysis of economic history
Close Company
Definition and Meaning of a Close Company
Closed Economy
An overview of the closed economy, an economic model characterized by a lack of external trade and capital flows.
Closed Shop
The requirement that all workers of certain grades in a business must belong to a recognized trade union.
Closed-Loop Equilibrium
An equilibrium concept in multi-stage games where players are informed about the previous strategy choices of opponents.
Closing Prices
Prices of stocks or commodities at the end of a day’s trading.
club
An institution formed to supply an excludable public good, characterized by its ability to exclude non-members, thereby allowing efficient provision of the good to its members.
Club of Rome
A global think tank focused on addressing global challenges through interdisciplinary approaches.
Cluster Analysis
Cluster analysis is a collection of methods used for grouping objects based on their similarities to explore data structures.
Clustering
The geographic concentration of firms in similar industries, facilitating mutual benefits and industry development.
CME Group
The exchange formed in 2007 through the merger of the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, providing a wide range of futures and options products.
Co-Insurance
The sharing of risk between the insurer and the insured.
Coalition
A group of individuals or firms who have separate objectives but unite to adopt strategies or advocate policies. Often seen in government entities requiring support from multiple political parties.
Coase Theorem
An exploration of the Coase Theorem, which posits that externalities can be corrected by the market under specific conditions.
Cobb–Douglas Function
An exploration of the Cobb–Douglas function, its historical context, definitions, and its significance in different economic frameworks
Cobb–Douglas Function
An exploration of the Cobb–Douglas function, its historical context, definitions, and its significance in different economic frameworks
Cobweb Model
A model used to illustrate the fluctuations in the economy due to time lags in response between supply and price changes.
Cochrane–Orcutt Procedure
A two-step estimation technique used in linear regression models to address first-order serial correlation in the errors.
Coefficient of Determination
The proportion of sample variation in the dependent variable explained by the regression in a linear model.
Coefficient of Variation
Understanding the coefficient of variation as a measure that expresses the standard deviation of a set of data as a percentage of its mean.
Cohort Study
A form of longitudinal study that follows a group of individuals sharing a common characteristic or experience within a defined period, aiming to determine the effect on the group of an experience or treatment.
Coin
Money consisting of solid tokens, typically of metal.
Coincidence of Wants
An exploration of the concept of 'coincidence of wants' in economics, fundamental to the function of barter systems.
Cointegration
Understanding the concept of cointegration in time series analysis, particularly in relation to non-stationary variables that share a common stochastic trend.
Collateral
A valuable article or property pledged as the security for a loan.
Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO)
A form of structured financial security backed by a portfolio of bonds or loans, segmented by varying levels of risk known as tranches.
Collective Bargaining
System of negotiation between employees and employers determining wage rates, work hours, and employment conditions.
Collective Choice
The process of aggregating individual preferences into social preferences to make a collective choice from alternatives.
Collector of Taxes
An exploration of the role and function of the Collector of Taxes in the UK
Collinearity
Collinearity refers to the linear relationship between two or more independent variables within a multiple regression model.
Collusion
Collusion in economics refers to action in concert without any formal agreement, commonly observed among firms.
Colombo Plan
The Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacific
Command Economy
An analysis of economies operated by central planning
Commercial Bank
A comprehensive overview of commercial banks, their functions, historical context, and major analytical frameworks in economics.
Commercial Bill
An extensive look at commercial bills, their definition, historical context, analytical frameworks, comparisons, and suggested readings.
Commercial Paper
An in-depth understanding of commercial paper as a short-term debt financing instrument used by major banks and corporations.
Commercial Policy
The government policies affecting foreign trade, including tariffs, trade subsidies, quotas, and other regulations.
Commercial Presence
The establishment of a company's office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country for business activities.
Commission
A payment for the services of an agent or intermediary in a transaction.
Commitment
An in-depth analysis of the economic term 'commitment,' exploring its definition, historical context, and implications in different economic frameworks.
Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure
Definition and meaning of the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure
Commodity
A comprehensive overview of commodities, standardized goods that are traded in bulk and whose units are interchangeable.
Commodity Agreement
An agreement among producing and/or consuming countries to regulate the output and price of a particular commodity.
Commodity Credit Corporation
A US federal agency providing price support for US farmers established in 1933.
Commodity Exchange
An overview of commodity exchanges, their historical context, major analytical frameworks, and related concepts.
Commodity Market
A place or institution through which commodities are traded, including both spot and futures markets.
Commodity Price Index
A comprehensive overview of the Commodity Price Index and its application in economic analysis
Common Access Resource
A comprehensive overview and analysis of common access resources, their characteristics, and their economic implications.
Common Agricultural Policy
Detailed exploration of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union - its definition, context, impacts, and reforms.
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
An EU policy framework designed to support agriculture in member states.
Common External Tariff
The tariff charged on trade with non-members by all countries in a customs union or common market, often referring to the external tariff of the European Union.
Common External Tariff (CET)
An explanation of the Common External Tariff (CET), a component critical in trade and economic integrations among countries.
common knowledge
A comprehensive entry discussing the concept of common knowledge, its implications, and how it is utilized in economics, particularly in game theory.
Common Market
A fully integrated market area with freedom of trade, labour, and capital mobility among member countries.
Common Stock
The equity capital of a US corporation wherein holders have voting rights and entitlement to dividends and residual assets.
Commons
Definition and analysis of the term 'commons' in economics.
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth of Nations, a confederation of primarily former British Empire members focused on international peace, democracy, and equal rights.
Communism
A theory of a classless society with common ownership of property and wealth and centrally planned production and distribution.
Community Charge
An overview of the Community Charge system of local taxation that was implemented in the UK
Community Indifference Curve
An economic concept representing the collective preferences of a community in international trade theory, under specific assumptions.
Company
An explanation of the concept of a company in the context of business organization, including its formation, legal aspects, and variations.
Company Director
A member of a company's board of directors with roles and responsibilities defined by law.
Company Law
The law relating to the formation and operation of companies, outlining the rights and obligations of directors and shareholders, limited liability, and informational requirements.